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Main facies
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Subfacies
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Facies
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Description
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Marine microfossils
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Lithostratigraphic
unit
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Tentative depositional environment/diagenesis
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Mud
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Massive mud with lonestones
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F1a
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(Dark) gray to (dark) greenish gray;
Facies thickness from 3 cm to 10.82 m;
Varying amounts of lonestones, as many as 71 per meter; subangular to subrounded lonestones include siltstone, argillite, sandstone, basalt, granitoids, and chert;
Lonestones very rarely arranged in laminae;
Bioturbation mostly absent, occasionally slight to moderate;
Occasional occurrence of black mottles, shells and shell fragments, and pods of silt and sand;
Very rare color banding and lamination, traces of ash, and occurrence of diatoms, biosiliceous components, and foraminifers;
Interbedded with Facies F1c, F2a, F2b, F3a, F3c, F4d, F4e, F4f, F5a, F5b, F5c, F6, and F7
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Rare diatoms, biosiliceous components, and foraminifers
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I, II
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Suspension fall-out, ice rafting, or sediment gravity flows
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Massive mud without lonestones
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F1b
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(Dark) gray to (dark) greenish gray;
Facies thickness from 2 cm to 4.32 m;
Occurs in Holes U1419B–U1419E;
Bioturbation mostly absent, very rarely slight bioturbation;
Occasionally with diatoms, foraminifers, silt, and sand;
Very rarely traces of ash, lamination, black mottles, and shell fragments;
Interbedded with Facies F1a, F2a, F2b, F3a, F3c, F4d, F4f, F5a, F5b, F5c, F6, and F7
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Rare diatoms and foraminifers
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I
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Suspension fall-out or sediment gravity flows
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Silt
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Silt
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F2a
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(Very) dark gray;
Facies thickness from 24 cm to 2.57 m;
Muddy silt, occasionally with foraminifers;
Occurring in Holes U1419A, U1419B, and U1419D;
Bioturbation mostly absent but rarely slight;
Lonestones absent or as many as 30 per meter, including siltstone, chert, breccia, conglomerate, and greenstone;
Interbedded with Facies F1a, F1c, F2b, and F5b
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Occasional foraminifers
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I
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Sediment gravity flows and possible ice rafting
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Interbedded/ Interlaminated silt and mud
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F2b
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(Very) dark gray to dark greenish gray;
Facies thickness from 8 cm to 3.92 m;
Mostly graded silt laminae (occasionally beds) with sharp lower boundaries in mud;
Maximum 80 laminae per meter but mostly <40 laminae per meter;
Bioturbation mostly absent but occasionally slight to moderate;
Few to absent lonestones;
Interbedded with Facies F1a, F1c, F2a, F3a, F5b, and F5c
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Not documented
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I
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Mud: suspension fall-out from surface water plumes and from sediment gravity flows
Silt: sediment gravity flows
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Sand
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Very fine to coarse sand
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F3a
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(Very) dark gray to (very) dark greenish gray;
Facies thickness from 1 to 67 cm;
Very fine to coarse sand (partly well sorted), massive to normally graded;
Occasionally sharp lower contacts;
Bioturbation absent;
Occasional occurrence of lonestones and foraminifers;
Interbedded with Facies F1a, F1c, F2b, F4e, F5a, F5b, and F7
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Occasional foraminifers
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I, II
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Sediment gravity flows
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Interbedded sand and mud
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F3c
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Dark gray;
Facies thickness from 4 cm to 1.93 m;
Interbedded (very) fine sand and mud occasionally with silt;
Sand laminae and beds as thick as ~3.5 cm;
Sandy beds typically graded and with erosive lower and sharp upper boundaries;
Lonestones (<1 cm) occasionally present;
Mostly no bioturbation, occasionally rare bioturbation;
Present in Holes U1419A and U1419B;
Interbedded with Facies F1a, F1c, and F4e
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Not documented
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I, II
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Suspension fall-out from surface water plumes (mud), ice rafting (mud, sand, lonestones), and sediment gravity flows (sand, mud)
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Diamict
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Interbedded mud and diamict
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F4d
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Dark gray;
Facies thickness from 53 cm to 3.48 m;
Muddy matrix with diamicts of sandy/gravelly mud;
Diamict thickness between submillimeter and 12 cm;
Thicker beds have often gradational lower and sharp upper boundaries;
Diamict clasts up to 5 cm, including siltstone, granitoids, quartz, greenstone, sandstone, and metasiltstone;
Very subtle color banding possible;
No bioturbation;
Occasionally with diatoms;
Present in Holes U1419A and U1419B;
Interbedded with Facies F1a, F1c, F4e, and F4f
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Rare diatoms
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II
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Suspension settling and ice rafting (icebergs and/or sea ice)
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Clast-poor diamict
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F4e
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(Very) dark gray;
Facies thickness from 20 cm to 3 m;
Muddy matrix, rarely silty or sandy;
Subrounded to subangular granule and pebble clasts including argillite, basalt, shale, chert, conglomerate, diorite, feldspar, gneiss, granite, greenstone, graywacke, metasediment with quartz veins, mudstone, potassium-feldspar-rich fragment with thin foliation, sandstone with bioturbation, quartz, rhyolite, sandstone (massive and laminated), and siltstone;
Present in Holes U1419A–U1419D;
Occasional lamination due to (1) clayish laminae and (2) sand/granule laminae (<4 mm thick);
Occasional interbedding with slightly more clast-rich diamict;
Clast pods of coarse sand occasionally present (iceberg dump?);
Very rarely traces of volcanic ash;
Bioturbation absent;
Interbedded with Facies F1a, F3a, F3c, F4d, F4e, F4f, F5a, F5b, F5c, and F7
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Not documented
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II
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Suspension settling and ice rafting (ice rafting mainly by icebergs)
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Clast-rich diamict
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F4f
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(Very) dark gray;
Facies thickness from 10 cm to 7.16 m;
Mostly muddy and occasionally sandy matrix;
Subrounded to subangular granule and pebble clasts, including argillite, basalt, black shale, chert, conglomerate, diorite, feldspar, granite, greenstone, graywacke, metasediment with quartz veins, mudstone, quartz, rhyolite, sandstone, and siltstone;
Very rarely trace amounts of volcanic ash and shell fragments;
Bioturbation absent;
Interstratification with mud laminae/beds possible (mud laminae may contain diatoms);
Interbedded with Facies F1a, F1c, F4d, F4e, F5a, F5b, F5c, and F7
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Rare diatoms
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I, II
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Suspension settling and ice rafting (ice rafting mainly by icebergs)
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Diatom ooze
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F5a
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Olive gray to (very) dark greenish gray;
Facies thickness from 3 cm to 6 m;
Lonestones occasionally present;
Occasional scattered black mottles;
Mostly no but occasionally slight to heavy bioturbation;
Occasionally with foraminifers and radiolarians, as well as with sand and silt laminae;
Very occasionally trace amounts of ash;
Interbedded with Facies F1a, F1c, F3a, F4e, F4f, and F5c
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Diatoms; rare radiolarians and foraminifers
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I, II
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High-productivity environment and/or low terrigenous input and/or better preservation
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Biosiliceous ooze; biosiliceous-rich/bearing mud and/or sand; mud with diatoms/biosilica
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F5b
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Dark gray to (very dark) greenish gray;
Facies thickness from 11 cm to 3.18 m;
Diatom/biosiliceous-rich/bearing mud or mud with diatoms or radiolarians;
Occasionally with foraminifers and mud with sand;
Very rarely traces of volcanic ash, black mottles, shell fragments, and lamination;
Bioturbation mostly absent but very rarely slight to moderate;
Occasional occurrence of up to pebble-sized lonestones, including argillite, metastiltstone, granite, greenstone, and sandstone
Interbedded with Facies F1a, F1c, F2a, F2b, F3a, F4e, F4f, and F5c
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Diatoms, foraminifers
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I, II
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Temporarily increased productivity and/or reduced suspension settling and/or better preservation
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Calcareous/ carbonate-bearing/rich mud, silt, sand, diamict, and/or diatom ooze
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F5c
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Dark gray, dark greenish gray, grayish green, and very dark gray;
Facies thickness from 3 cm to 1.5 m;
With foraminifers or foraminifer-bearing mud, silt, sand, and diatom ooze;
Bioturbation mostly absent or rarely slight, very rare occurrence of nannofossils and shell fragments;
Very rarely laminated deposits;
Occasional occurrence of lonestones;
Interbedded with Facies F1a, F1c, F2b, F4e, F4f, F5a, and F5b
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Foraminifers, diatoms, nannofossils
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I, II
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Temporarily increased productivity and/or reduced suspension settling and/or better preservation
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Ash
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Volcanic ash
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F6
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Gray;
Facies thickness from 2 to 4 cm;
Bioturbation absent;
Occurs in Holes U1419B–U1419E;
Interbedded with Facies F1a and F1c
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Not documented
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I
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Suspension settling after subaerial eruptions
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Volcaniclastic mud, sand, diamict, and/or ooze
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F7
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Dark gray to (very) dark greenish gray;
Facies thickness from 2 cm to 5.29 m;
In diatom/biosiliceous ooze, diatom-rich/bearing mud, sandy clast-rich diamict, and mud with and without clasts;
Mostly trace amounts but very rarely volcaniclastic bearing;
Lonestones are present;
Bioturbation mostly absent but very rarely moderate;
Very occasional occurrence of foraminifers;
Occurs in Holes U1419A, U1419B, U1419C, and U1419E;
Interbedded with Facies F1a, F1c, F3a, F4e, and F4f
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Biosiliceous and calcareous microfossils
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I, II
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Volcanic detritus either bioturbated or reworked/redeposited by sediment gravity flows
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