Table T3. Quaternary–Miocene chronostratigraphic units correlated with planktonic foraminifer and calcareous nannofossil zonations and geomagnetic polarity timescale.
| Event | Zone (base) |
Age (Ma) |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| B acme Emiliania huxleyi | 0.085 | Blow, 1969 | |
| B Emiliania huxleyi | CN15 | 0.26 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T Pseudoemiliania lacunosa | CN14b | 0.46 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| B Gephyrocapsa parallela | 0.94 | Blow, 1969 | |
| Reentrance medium Gephyrocapsa spp. | CN14a? | 1.03 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T large Gephyrocapsa spp. | 1.18 | Blow, 1969 | |
| B large Gephyrocapsa spp. | 1.4 | Blow, 1969 | |
| T Helicosphaera sellii | 1.22 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| T Calcidiscus macintyrei | 1.59 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| B Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica | CN13b? | 1.71 | Blow, 1969 |
| Pleistocene/Pliocene boundary | 1.8 | ||
| T Discoaster brouweri | CN13a | 1.95 | Blow, 1969 |
| B acme Discoaster triradiatus | 2 | Blow, 1969 | |
| T Discoaster pentaradiatus | CN12d | 2.55 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T Discoaster surculus | CN12c | 2.55 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T Discoaster tamalis | CN12b | 2.73 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T Sphenolithus spp. | CN12a | 3.6 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus | CN12a | 3.75 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T Amaurolithus spp. | CN11 | 4.5 | Blow, 1969 |
| T Ceratolithus acutus | 4.57 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| B Ceratolithus rugosus | CN10c | 5.05 | Blow, 1969 |
| B Ceratolithus acutus | CN10b | 5.09 | Blow, 1969 |
| T Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus | 5.23 | Blow, 1969 | |
| Pliocene/Miocene boundary | 5.38 | ||
| T Discoaster quinqueramus | CN10a | 5.6 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T Amaurolithus amplificus | 5.9 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| B Amaurolithus amplificus | 6.6 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| T paracme Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus | 6.8 | Martini, 1971 | |
| B Amaurolithus primus | CN9b | 7.2 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T Discoaster loeblichii | 7.4 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| T Minylitha convalis | 7.8 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| B Discoaster berggrenii | CN9a | 8.6 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| B Discoaster loeblichii | 8.7 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| B paracme Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus | 8.8 | Martini, 1971 | |
| T Discoaster bollii | 9.1 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| T Catinaster calyculus | 9.36 | Jenkins, 1985; 1993 | |
| T Discoaster hamatus | CN8a | 9.4 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| B Minylitha convallis | 9.5 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| B Discoaster neohamatus | 9.6 | Martini, 1971 | |
| B Discoaster hamatus | CN7 | 10.7 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T Coccolithus miopelagicus | 11 | Jenkins, 1985; 1993 | |
| B Catinaster coalitus | CN6 | 11.3 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T Discoaster kugleri | 11.5 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| B Discoaster kugleri | 11.8 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| T Coronocyclus nitescens | 12.1 | Martini, 1971 | |
| B Calcidiscus macintyrei >11 µm | 12.3 | Martini, 1971 | |
| B Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus | 13.2 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| T Calcidiscus premacintyrei | 12.7 | Martini, 1971 | |
| T Discoaster signus | 12.7 | Martini, 1971 | |
| Tc Cyclicargolithus floridanus | 13.2 | Martini, 1971 | |
| T Sphenolithus heteromorphus | CN5a | 13.6 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T Helicosphaera ampliaperta | CN4 | 15.6 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| B Discoaster signus | 16.2 | Martini, 1971 | |
| T Abundant Discoaster deflandrei | 16.2 | Martini, 1971 | |
| B Calcidiscus premacintyrei | 17.4 | Okada and Bukry, 1980 | |
| B Sphenolithus heteromorphus | CN3 | 18.2 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T Sphenolithus belemnos | 18.3 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| B Sphenolithus belemnos | CN2 | 19.2 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T Triquetrorhabdulus carinatus | 23.1 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| T Triquetrorhabdulus serratus | 23.2 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| T Sphenolithus umbrellus | 23.6 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| T Sphenolithus capricornutus | 23.7 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| B Discoaster druggi | CN1c | 23.3 | Berggren et al., 1985a |
| T Sphenolithus delphix | 23.8 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| Miocene/Oligocene boundary | 23.8 | ||
| T Dictyococcites bisectus | CN1c | 23.9 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| B Sphenolithus delphix | 24.3 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| T Zygrhablithus bijugatus | 24.5 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| T Sphenolithus ciperoensis | CN1a | 24.75 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T Sphenolithus distentus | CP19b | 27.5 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T Sphenolithus predistentus | 27.5 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| T Sphenolithus pseudoradians | 29.1 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| B Sphenolithus ciperoensis | CP19a | 29.9 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| B Sphenolithus distentus | CP18 | 31.5–33.1 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T Reticulofenestra umbilicus | CP17 | 32.3 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T Coccolithus formosus | CP16c | 32.8 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T Chiasmolithus oamaruensis | 33.7 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| Oligocene/Eocene boundary | 33.7 | ||
| T Discoaster saipanensis | CP16a | 34.2 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T Discoaster barbadiensis | CP16a | 34.3 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T Cribrocentrum reticulatum | 35 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| B Isthmolithus recurvus | 36 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| T Calcidiscus protoannulus | 36.8 | Backman, 1987 | |
| B Chiasmolithus oamaruensis | CP15 | 37 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T Chiasmolithus grandis | CP15 | 37.1 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| B Dictyococcites bisecta | 38 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| T Chiasmolithus solitus | CP14b | 40.4 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| B Dictyococcites hesslandii | 41.8 | Backman, 1987 | |
| T Nannotetrina fulgens | 43.1 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| T Blackites gladius | 43.4 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| B Reticulofenestra umbilicus | CP14a | 43.7 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T Chiasmolithus gigas | CP13c | 44.5 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| B Chiasmolithus gigas | CP13b | 46.1 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| B Nannotetrina fulgens | CP13a | 47.3 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T Discoaster lodoensis | 47.9 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| B Rhabdosphaera inflata | 48.5 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| B Nannotetrina spp. | 49.2 | Backman, 1986 | |
| B Discoaster sublodoensis | CP12 | 49.7 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T Tribrachiatus orthostylus | 50.6 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| B Discoaster lodoensis | CP10 | 52.85 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| T Sphenolithus radians | 53.1 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| T Tribrachiatus contortus | 53.6 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| B Tribrachiatus orthostylus | 53.6 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| B Discoaster diastypus | CP9a | 53.9 | Backman, 1986 |
| T Ericsonia robusta | 54 | Backman, 1986 | |
| B Tribrachiatus contortus | CP9a | 54.3 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| Eocene/Paleocene boundary | |||
| B Tribrachiatus (Rhomboaster) bramlettei | 55 | Backman, 1986 | |
| B Rhomboaster spp. | 55.1 | Backman, 1986 | |
| T Fasciculithus tympaniformis | 55.33 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| B Camplyosphaera eodela | CP8b | 55.5 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| B Discoaster multiradiatus | CP8a | 56.2 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| B Discoaster okadai | 56.8 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| B Discoaster nobilis | CP7 | 56.9 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| B Heliolithus riedelii | 57.3 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| T Heliolithus kleinpellii | 56.6 | Backman, 1986 | |
| B Discoaster mohlerii | CP6 | 57.5 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| B Sphenolithus anarrhopus | 58.4 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| T Chiasmolithus danicus | 57.5 | Berggren et al., 1985a | |
| B Heliolithus kleinpellii | CP5 | 58.4 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| B Heliolithus cantabriae | 58.2 | Backman, 1986 | |
| T Fasciculithus pileatus | 58.6 | Backman, 1986 | |
| T Cruciplacolithus tenuis | 58.6 | Berggren et al., 1985a | |
| B Fasciculithus spp. | 59.2 | Backman, 1986 | |
| B Sphenolithus primus | 60.6 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| B Chiasmolithus bidens | 60.7 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| B Ellipsolithus macellus | CP3 | 62.2 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| B Chiasmolithus danicus | CP2 | 63.8 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| B Cruciplacolithus tenuis | CP1b | 64.5 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| B Cruciplacolithus primus | 64.8 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| B Biantholithus sparsus | 65 | Berggren et al., 1995a | |
| T Cretaceous taxa | CP1a | 65 | Berggren et al., 1995a |
| Tertiary/Cretaceous boundary | 65 | ||
| B Micula prinsii | 66 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B Nephrolithus frequens (low latitude) | 67.2 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B Micula murus | 68.5 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| T Reinhardtites levis | 69.4 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| T Quadrum trifidum | 71.3 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| Maastrichtian/Campanian boundary | 71.3 | ||
| T Tranolithus phacelosus | 71.6 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| T Aspidolithus parcus | 74.6 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| T Eiffellithus eximius | 75.3 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| T Lithastrinus grillii | 75.1 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B Quadrum trifidum | 76.1 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B Quadrum sissinghii | 77.1 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B Ceratolithoides aculeus | 78.5 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| T Bukryaster hayii | 79.8 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| T Marthasterites furcatus | 80.6 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B Ceratolithoides verbeekii | 82 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B Aspidolithus parcus constrictus | 83.5 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| Campanian/Santonian boundary | 83.5 | ||
| B Calculites obscurus | 83.8 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B Lucianorhabdus cayeuxii | 84.8 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| T Lithastrinus septenarius | 84.9 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B Lithastrinus grillii | 85.8 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| Santonian/Coniacian boundary | 85.8 | ||
| B Reinhardtites anthophorus | 85.8 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B Micula decussata | 87.2 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| Coniacian/Turonian boundary | 89 | ||
| B Marthasterites furcatus | 89.3 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B Lucianorhabdus maleformis | 91 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B Eiffellithus eximius | 91 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| Turonian/Cenomanian boundary | 93.5 | ||
| T Corollithion kennedyi | 93.9 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| T Rhagodiscus asper | 93.9 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| T Axopodorhabdus albianus | 93.9 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| T Microstaurus chiastius | 94.4 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B Microrhabdulus decoratus | 95.2 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B Lithraphidites acutus | 95.2 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B Corollithion kennedyi | 97.4 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| Cenomanian/Albian boundary | 98.9 | ||
| T Hayesites albiensis | 99 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| T Rucinolithus irregularis | 99 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B Eiffellithus turriseiffelii | 101.7 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B small Eiffelithus spp. | 103.8 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B Axopodorhabdus albianus | 106.5 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B Tranolithus phacelosus | 106.5 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B Cribrosphaerella ehrenbergii sensu Erba | 110.3 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| Albian/Aptian boundary | 112.2 | ||
| B Prediscosphaera columnata <5 µm | 112.5 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| T Assipetra intracretacea | 113 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B Hayesites albiensis | 114 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| T Micrantholithus hoschulzii | 114.2 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| T Nannoconus st. steinmanii | 114.2 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B Braarudosphaera africana | 118.2 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B Stoverius achylosum | 118.2 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B Eprolithus floralis | 119 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B Rhagodiscus angustus | 119.9 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| T Nannoconid paracme | 120.5 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| Aptian/Barremian boundary | 121 | ||
| B Rucinolithus irregularis | 121.1 | Erba et al., 1995 | |
| B Flabellites oblongus | 121.1 | Erba et al., 1995 |
Notes: Timescales in Age column are from Berggren et al. (1995a). B = bottom of common occurrence, T = top of common occurence, Tc = top common.
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