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doi:10.2204/iodp.proc.317.202.2013

Appendix

Taxonomic notes and floral references

Taxonomic references for all species and varieties of diatoms (Bacillariophyta) identified from the Expedition 317 Hole U1352B sediments are listed below. The authority of each species is given as well as several good references that describe and illustrate the particular taxon collected around the Antarctic Ocean. Plates P1–P4, P5–P8, and P9 (figs. 1–56) show diatoms living in marine, littoral to neritic, and freshwater (nonmarine), respectively, with SEM photos in Plate P11, in addition to morphotaxa of marine diatom genus Chaetoceros resting spores represented in Plates P9, P10, and P12.

Marine

Actinocyclus actinochilus (Ehrenberg) Simonsen (1982), pp. 101–116, pls. 1–4; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 699, pl. 12, figs. 9–11; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 3, pl. P21, fig. 8; pl. P26, fig. 2; pl. P33, fig. 1 (Pl. P1, figs. 1, 2).
Basionym: Coscinodiscus actinochilus Ehrenberg (1844a), p. 200; Ehrenberg (1854), pl. 35A, figs. XXI-5.
Synonym: Charcotia actinochilus (Ehrenberg) Hustedt (1958), pp. 122–126, pl. 7, figs. 57–80; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 771, pl. 5, fig. 5; Gombos (1977), p. 592, pl. 1, fig. 8.
Remarks: Gombos (1977) reported that this taxon is indicative of extreme polar (ice-front) conditions.

Actinocyclus curvatulus Janisch in Schmidt (1878), pl. 57, fig. 31; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 763, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 699, pl. 12, fig. 12; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 253, pl. 3, fig. 1 (Pl. P1, figs. 3–14).
Remarks: Fenner et al. (1976) indicated that this species is frequent in the Antarctic and subantarctic regions.

Actinocyclus cf. fasciculatus (no illustrations).

Actinocyclus ingens Rattray (1890), p. 149, pl. 11, fig. 7; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 700, pl. 8, fig. 10; pl. 11, figs. 4, 6; pl. 12, fig. 8; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 3, pl. P15, fig. 3; pl. P29, figs. 1, 4 (Pl. P1, figs. 15, 16).

Actinocyclus sp. A (Pl. P1, figs. 17–22).

Actinocyclus sp. B (Pl. P1, figs. 23, 24).

Actinocyclus spp. (no illustrations).

Actinoptychus bipunctatus Lohman (1941), p. 79, pl. 16, figs. 7, 10–12; Arney et al. (2003), p. 8, pl. P1, fig. 4 (Pl. P1, figs. 25–28).

Actinoptychus spp. (Pl. P1, figs. 29–34).

Asteromphalus hyalinus Karsten (1905), p. 90, pl. 8, fig. 15; Schrader (1976), p. 630, pl. 8, figs. 5, 7; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 769, pl. 4, figs. 17–19 (Pl. P1, figs. 35, 36).
Remarks: Hustedt (1958) and Hargraves (1968) reported this species from the Antarctic and subantarctic regions in the southern Atlantic.

Cestodiscus cf. pulchellus Greville (1866), p. 123, pl. 11, fig. 5; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 701, pl. 3, figs. 6, 7 (no illustrations).

Coscinodiscus asteromphalus Ehrenberg (1844b), p. 77; Arney et al. (2003),
p. 8, pl. P3, fig. 3 (Pl. P2, figs. 1, 2).

Coscinodiscus marginatus Ehrenberg (1843), p. 412 (124); McCollum (1975), p. 527, pl. 16, figs. 2, 3; Schrader (1976), p. 631, pl. 10, fig. 3; pl. 12, fig. 2; Gombos (1977), p. 593, pl. 5, fig. 5; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 5, pl. P30, fig. 2; pl. P31, fig. 5; Arney et al. (2003), p. 8, pl. P1, fig. 1 (Pl. P2, figs. 3, 4).

Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehrenberg (1840b), p. 68 (148), pl. 3, figs. 1a–1c; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 774, pl. 7, fig. 1; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 5, pl. P22, fig. 1 (Pl. P2, figs. 5, 6).

Coscinodiscus spp. (Pl. P2, figs. 7, 8).

Eucampia antarctica (Castracane) Manguin (1915), p. 58, figs. 41, 42, pl. 1, fig. 1; Hasle and Syvertsen (1990), pl. 16.1, figs. 7–13; Harwood et al. (2000), p. 459, figs. 7r, 7s; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 6, pl. P7, fig. 12; pl. P27, fig. 6 (Pl. P1, figs. 37, 38).
Synonym: Eucampia balaustium Castracane (1886a), p. 97, pl. 18, fig. 5; McCollum (1975), p. 534, pl. 16, figs. 8, 9; Schrader (1976), p. 632, pl. 14, fig. 7; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 774, pl. 5, figs. 7–9; Gombos (1977), p. 593, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2, pl. 11.

Fragilariopsis barronii (Gersonde) Gersonde et Bárcena (1998), p. 92; Harwood et al. (2000), p. 459, fig. 10m; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 7, pl. P25, fig. 3; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 257, pl. 1, figs. 29–31 (Pl. P3, figs. 1–4).
Basionym: Nitzschia barronii Gersonde (1991), pp. 146–147, pl. 3, fig. 6; pl. 4, figs. 1–3; pl. 5, figs. 7–17; Gersonde and Burckle (1990), p. 780, pl. 1, figs. 11–13; Baldauf and Barron (1991), p. 589, pl. 7, fig. 14; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 704, pl. 17, figs. 27, 28.
Remarks: This extinct species is endemic to the Southern Ocean (Gersonde, 1991).

Fragilariopsis barronii/kerguelensis transitional form of Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 257, pl. 1, figs. 25–28 (Pl. P3, figs. 5–10).

Fragilariopsis cylindrica (Burckle) Censarek et Gersonde (2002), pp. 349–350, pl. 3, fig. 24 (Pl. P3, figs. 11–16).
Basionym: Nitzschia cylindrica Burckle (1972), p. 239, pl. 2, figs. 1–6; Gersonde and Burckle (1990), p. 780, pl. 1, fig. 27; Baldauf and Barron (1991), p. 589, pl. 7, fig. 10; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 8, pl. P2, figs. 5, 6.
Remarks: Fragilariopsis cylindrica seems to be an indicator of warm waters because Barron (1985) indicated that this species is a low-latitude species and is rare in middle-latitude sediments.

Fragilariopsis doliolus (Wallich) Medlin et Sims (1993), p. 332; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 257, pl. 1, fig. 1 (Pl. P3, figs. 17, 18).
Basionym: Synedra doliolus Wallich (1860), p. 48, pl. 2, fig. 19.
Synonym: Pseudoeunotia doliolus (Wallich) Grunow in Van Heurck (1881), pl. 35, fig. 22; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 778, pl. 14, fig. 12.
Remarks: This species is one of the most common planktonic species in subtropical to tropical areas (Fenner et al., 1976).

Fragilariopsis fossilis (Frenguelli) Medlin et Sims (1993), p. 332; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 351, pl. 3, figs. 3, 4; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 257, pl. 1, figs. 5, 6 (Pl. P3, figs. 19–22).
Basionym: Pseudonitzschia fossilis Frenguelli (1949), p. 118, pl. 1, figs. 6, 7. Synonym: Nitzschia fossilis (Grunow) Grunow in Van Heurck (1881), pl. 68, fig. 24; Gombos (1977), p. 595, pl. 8, fig. 17; Gersonde and Burckle (1990), p. 780, pl. 1, figs. 19, 20.
Remarks: This species is a low- to middle-latitude species (Barron, 1985).

Fragilariopsis kerguelensis (O’Meara) Hustedt (1952), p. 294; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 7, pl. P3, figs. 1–3; pl. P24, fig. 3; pl. P25, fig. 1; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 259, pl. 1, fig. 24; Arney et al. (2003), p. 9, pl. P1, fig. 14; Bohaty et al. (2003), p. 22, pl. P2, fig. 13 (Pl. P3, figs. 23–38; Pl. P11, fig. 1).
Basionym:Terebraria kerguelensis O’Meara (1877), p. 56, pl. 1, fig. 4.
Synonym: Nitzschia kerguelensis (O’Meara) Hasle (1972), p. 115, figs. 1, 2; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 776, pl. 2, figs. 19–30; Gombos (1977), p. 595, pl. 8, figs. 13, 14; pl. 9, fig. 2.
Remarks: This species is one of the most abundant forms in Antarctic and subantarctic regions (Fenner et al., 1976) and is endemic to the Southern Ocean (Barron, 1985).

Fragilariopsis obliquecostata (Van Heurck) Heiden in Heiden et Kolbe (1928), p. 555; Harwood et al. (2000), p. 459, fig. 10n (Pl. P11, fig. 2).
Basionym: Fragilaria obliquecostata Van Heurck (1909), p. 25, pl. 3, fig. 38.
Synonym: Nitzschia obliquecostata (Van Heurck) Hasle (1972), p. 115; Fenner et al. (1976), pp. 776–777, pl. 2, figs. 15–18.
Remarks: This species is restricted to the Antarctic coastline and to the ice frontier (Fenner et al., 1976).

Fragilariopsis rhombica (O’Meara) Hustedt (1952), p. 296 (Pl. P3, figs. 39, 40).
Basionym: Diatoma rhombicum O’Meara (1877), p. 55, pl. 1, fig. 2.
Synonym: Nitzschia angulata Hasle (1972), p. 115; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 775, pl. 1, figs. 17–39; Gombos (1977), pl. 8, fig. 16; Ciesielski (1986), p. 876, pl. 3, fig. 13; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 8, pl. P3, fig. 6.
Remarks: This species is reported from Antarctic circumpolar waters and the undersurface of ice-pack by several authors (Fenner et al., 1976).

Fragilariopsis weaveri (Ciesielski) Gersonde et Bárcena (1998), p. 93; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 8, pl. P3, figs. 18–20; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 260, pl. 1, figs. 18, 19 (no illustrations).
Basionym: Nitzschia weaveri Ciesielski (1983), p. 655, pl. 1, figs. 1–10; Ciesielski (1986), p. 877, pl. 3, figs. 8–12; Baldauf and Barron (1991), p. 590, pl. 7, fig. 5.
Remarks: Barron (1996) used this species as a proxy of southward migration of the Polar Front.

Hemidiscus cuneiformis Wallich (1860), p. 42, pl. 2, figs. 3, 4; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 774, pl. 11, fig. 17; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 703, pl. 11, fig. 11; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 352, pl. 4, fig. 5; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 8, pl. P21, fig. 2; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 260, pl. 4, fig. 10 (Pl. P2, figs. 9, 10).
Remarks: Tropical species (Koizumi et al., 2004).

Hemidiscus karstenii Jousé in Jousé et al. (1962), p. 78, pl. 2, figs. 7–9; McCollum (1975), p. 535, pl. 9, figs. 3, 4; Schrader (1976), p. 632, pl. 14, fig. 2; pl. 15, figs. 17, 18; Gombos (1977), p. 595, pl. 4, fig. 8; Ciesielski (1983), p. 656, pl. 3, fig. 6; pl. 4, figs. 2–5; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 352, pl. 3, fig. 27; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 8, pl. P21, fig. 5 (Pl. P2, figs. 11–14).

Hemidiscus sp. 1 sensu Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 260, pl. 4, fig. 8 (Pl. P2, figs. 15–18).

Nitzschia bicapitata Cleve (1900), p. 933, fig. 12; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 775, pl. 3, figs. 27–29 (Pl. P3, figs. 41, 42).
Remarks: This species has been reported from several subantarctic and Antarctic regions as well as in the Antarctic Convergence Zone with a maximum abundance (Fenner et al., 1976), although Koizumi et al. (2004) indicated this species is cosmopolitan.

Nitzschia denticuloides Schrader (1976), p. 633, pl. 3, figs. 7, 8, 10, 12, 18–24; pl. 15, fig. 22; Gombos (1977), p. 595, pl. 13, figs. 9–11; Ciesielski (1986), p. 876, pl. 3, fig. 18; Gersonde and Burckle (1990), p. 780, pl. 2, figs. 7, 8; Baldauf and Barron (1991), p. 589, pl. 7, fig. 2; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 704, pl. 8, figs. 5–8, 17; pl. 9, figs. 24–26; pl. 10, fig. 1; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 352, pl. 2, figs. 27–31 (no illustrations).

Nitzschia spp. (Pl. P3, figs. 43–48).

Pinnularia spp. (Pl. P3, figs. 49, 50).

Proboscia alata (Brightwell) Sundström (1986), pp. 99–100, figs. 258–266; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 9, pl. P5, fig. 21 (Pl. P3, figs. 51, 52).
Basionym: Rhizosolenia alata Brightwell (1858), p. 95, pl. 5, figs. 8, 8a; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 778, pl. 13, fig. 1; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), pl. 18, figs. 15, 17.
Remarks: Fenner et al. (1976) reported that this cosmopolitan species is found in Antarctic and subantarctic waters in the Antarctic Convergence Zone, and Jordan et al. (1991) indicated that this taxon, found in boreal waters, has been reported regularly from the Antarctic.

Proboscia barboi (Brun) Jordan et Priddle (1991), p. 56, figs. 1, 2; Harwood et al. (2000), p. 460, fig. 8d; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 9 (Pl. P3, figs. 53, 54).
Basionym: Pyxilla barboi Brun (1894), p. 87, pl. 5, figs. 16, 17, 23; Rhizosolenia barboi (Brun) Tempère and Peragallo (1908), p. 26, no. 47; McCollum (1975), p. 535, pl. 11, fig. 13; Schrader (1976), p. 635, pl. 9, figs. 11–13; Ciesielski (1986), p. 877, pl. 3, fig. 22; Simonseniella barboi (Brun) Fenner (1991b), p. 108, pl. 3, figs. 1, 3; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 706, pl. 11, fig. 13.
Remarks: Widely distributed species in the Antarctic Ocean (Jordan et al., 1991).

Proboscia curvirostris (Jousé) Jordan et Priddle (1991), p. 57, figs. 5–7 (Pl. P3, figs. 55, 56).
Basionym: Rhizosolenia curvirostris Jousé (1959), p. 48, pl. 2, fig. 17; Jousé (1968), p. 19, pl. 3, figs. 1–3.
Remarks: This extinct species in the latest middle Pleistocene (at 0.3 Ma defined by Yanagisawa and Akiba, 1998) frequently occurred in sediments in the subarctic and North Pacific (e.g., Koizumi, 2010), although this taxon has been rarely reported around the Antarctic Ocean; the occurrence was recognized in Sample 317-U1352B-40X-5W, 25–26 cm, in this study.

Pseudodimerogramma sp. (Pl. P3, figs. 57, 58).

Pseudonitzschia turgidula (Hustedt) Hasle (1993), p. 320 (Pl. P3, figs. 59, 60).
Basionym: Nitzschia turgidula Hustedt (1958), p. 182, figs. 172, 173; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 778, pl. 4, fig. 4.
Remarks: This species was reported from Southern Ocean and South Atlantic (Hustedt, 1958).

Pseudonitzschia spp. (no illustrations).

Pterotheca aculeifera Grunow in Van Heurck (1880–1885), pl. 83 bis, fig. 5 (Pl. P3, figs. 61, 62).
Remarks: This taxon is mentioned as resting spore but does not belong to genus Chaetoceros because there is no ring of puncta at the hypovalve margin (Suto, 2003). The oldest and last occurrences of this cosmopolitan species are from the Late Cretaceous and the early Oligocene (see Suto et al., 2009). Desikachary and Sreelatha (1989) reported this species from the Eocene Oamaru Formation, New Zealand. Only one occurrence, recognized in Sample 317-U1352B-45X-4W, 105–106 cm, might be reworked.

Rhizosolenia hebetata Bailey (1856), p. 5, pl. 1, figs. 18, 19 (Pl. P3, figs. 63–68).
Remarks: Several forms of Rhizosolenia hebetata have been established such as forma hiemalis from the Antarctic and subantarctic regions (e.g., Schrader, 1976; Fenner et al., 1976; Baldauf and Barron, 1991; Harwood and Maruyama, 1992; Iwai and Winter, 2002). Armand and Zielinski (2001) indicated that the distribution pattern of the Rhizosolenia group in Antarctic surface waters is unclear as a result of taxonomic confusion.

Rhizosolenia polydactyla Castracane (1886a), p. 71, pl. 24, fig. 2 (Pl. P3, figs. 69–74).
Remarks: Confusion regarding identification has been seen in most Antarctic records of Rhizosolenia styliformis, such as Schrader (1976), Fenner et al. (1976), Harwood and Maruyama (1992), and Iwai and Winter (2002). However, R. polydactyla is distinguishable from R. styliformis by its lateral winglike expansions above the spiny process base. Armand and Zielinski (2001) suggested this is the most common open-ocean species of this genus based on their sediment distribution observation, and Hasle and Syvertsen (1996) indicated this species is from southern cold-water regions.

Rouxia spp. (no illustrations).

Thalassiosira decipiens (Grunow) Jørgensen (1905), p. 96, pl. 6, fig. 3; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 779, pl. 11, figs. 4–6 (no illustrations).
Basionym: Coscinodiscus decipiens Grunow (1878), p. 125, pl. 4, fig. 18.
Remarks: This species has a wide distribution in temperate and boreal waters in both hemispheres (Hasle, 1960).

Thalassiosira delicatula Hustedt (1958), p. 110, figs. 8–10; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 779, pl. 9, figs. 21–25 (Pl. P2, figs. 19, 20).
Remarks: This is a widespread species in the Antarctic and subantarctic regions (Hargraves, 1968).

Thalassiosira eccentrica (Ehrenberg) Cleve emend. Fryxell et Hasle (1972), p. 302, figs. 1–18 (Pl. P2, figs. 21–23).
Basionym: Coscinodiscus eccentricus Ehrenberg (1840b), p. 146.
Remarks: This species was found rarely in the Antarctic as well as the subantarctic region and is cosmopolitan (Hustedt [1930], 1977).

Thalassiosira elliptipora (Donahue) Fenner ex Mahood et Barron (1996b), p. 292, pl. 4, fig. 3; pl. 5, figs. 4–7; pl. 8, figs. 6, 7; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 707, pl. 16, fig. 12; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 263, pl. 5, fig. 1 (no illustrations).
Basionym: Coscinodiscus elliptipora Donahue (1970), p. 183, pl. 4, figs. e, i–m; McCollum (1975), p. 526, pl. 16, fig. 10; Gombos (1977), p. 592, pl. 3, figs. 1–3, 6; pl. 9, fig. 3; Ciesielski (1986), p. 875, pl. 1, fig. 6.
Remarks: Fenner (1991a) suggested that this endemic Southern Ocean species was most common in northern Antarctic surface waters.

Thalassiosira fasciculata Harwood et Maruyama (1992), p. 707, pl. 15, figs. 4–6; Mahood and Barron (1996a), pp. 287–291, figs. 15–24, 27, 28; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 263, pl. 5, figs. 3, 4 (Pl. P2, figs. 24, 25).

Thalassiosira gracilis (Karsten) Hustedt (1958), p. 109, figs. 1–7; McCollum (1975), p. 536, pl. 14, fig. 3; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 780, pl. 9, figs. 12–20; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 12, pl. P12, fig. 4; pl. P24, fig. 2 (Pl. P2, figs. 26, 27).
Basionym: Coscinodiscus gracilis Karsten (1905), p. 78, pl. 3, fig. 4.
Remarks: Fenner et al. (1976) indicated this species was found from the Antarctic waters and Antarctic Convergence Zone.

Thalassiosira gravida Cleve (1896), p. 12, pl. 2, figs. 14–16; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 780, pl. 8, fig. 5 (no illustrations).
Remarks: This species is reported from the polar and temperate North Atlantic (Hustedt [1930], 1977).

Thalassiosira inura Gersonde (1991), p. 151, pl. 6, figs. 7–14; pl. 8, figs. 1–6; Baldauf and Barron (1991), p. 591, pl. 6, fig. 9; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 707, pl. 5, fig. 14; pl. 14, figs. 12–16; Harwood et al. (2000), p. 460, fig. 7b; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 353, pl. 4, figs. 11, 12; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 12, pl. P12, figs. 2, 3; pl. P26, figs. 8, 9; pl. P27, fig. 3; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 264, pl. 5, figs. 12, 13 (no illustrations).

Thalassiosira lentiginosa (Janisch in Schmidt) Fryxell (1977), p. 103, figs. 13a–13d, 14a–14d; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 707, pl. 19, fig. 15; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 13, pl. P20, figs. 1, 4; pl. P24, fig. 4 (Pl. P2, figs. 28, 29).
Basionym: Coscinodiscus lentiginosus Janisch in Schmidt (1878), pl. 58, fig. 11; McCollum (1975), p. 527, pl. 5, fig. 1; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 773, pl. 7, figs. 4–6; Gombos (1977), p. 593, pl. 3, figs. 4, 5.
Remarks: This species is characteristic of the Antarctic region and is also widespread in subantarctic waters, although small numbers were found in the subtropical assemblage (Fenner et al., 1976).

Thalassiosira lineata Jousé (1968), p. 13, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 780, pl. 11, figs. 8–10 (Pl. P2, figs. 30–33).
Remarks: This species is described as a tropical to subtropical species, but also occurs in colder waters (Fenner et al., 1976).

Thalassiosira oestrupii (Ostenfeld) Proschkina-Lavrenko ex Hasle (1960), p. 8, pl. 1, figs. 5, 7, 11; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 780, pl. 9, figs. 1–11; Gombos (1977), p. 598, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2; Gersonde and Burckle (1990), p. 782, pl. 3, figs. 13, 14; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 708, pl. 16, figs. 5–7; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 353, pl. 5, figs. 9, 10; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 13, pl. P26, figs. 6a, 6b (Pl. P4, figs. 1–10).
Basionym: Coscinosira oestrupii Ostenfeld (1900), p. 52.
Remarks: This species is considered to be a subtropical indicator (Koizumi et al., 2004), but is cosmopolitan and reported from the subantarctic by several authors (e.g., Fenner et al., 1976).

Thalassiosira oliverana (O’Meara) Sournia; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 708, pl. 14, figs. 1, 2, 6, 11, 17; Harwood et al. (2000), p. 460, fig. 7c (Pl. P4, figs. 31, 32).

Thalassiosira striata Harwood et Maruyama (1992), p. 708, pl. 15, figs. 7–9; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 13, pl. P15, fig. 4; pl. P27, fig. 2; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 264, pl. 4, fig. 7 (Pl. P4, figs. 11, 12).

Thalassiosira sp. d of Fenner et al. (1976), p. 780, pl. 8, figs. 8, 9 (Pl. P4, figs. 13–26; Pl. P11, fig. 3).

Thalassiosira spp. (Pl. P4, figs. 27–30).

Thalassiothrix longissima Cleve et Grunow in Grunow (1880), p. 108; Schrader (1976), p. 637, pl. 1, figs. 5, 6, 17; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 781; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 708, pl. 11, fig. 12 (Pl. P3, figs. 75–78).
Remarks: This species is one of the most common plankton species of the ocean and is also found in the Antarctic and subantarctic regions (Fenner et al., 1976).

Triceratium spp. (Pl. P4, figs. 33, 34).

Tropidoneis spp. (Pl. P3, figs. 79, 80).

Genus et species indet. (Pl. P4, figs. 35–42).

Littoral to neritic

Actinoptychus senarius (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg (1843), pp. 298, 301, 322, 328, 437, 438, 443, pl. I/I, fig. 27; pl. I/III, fig. 21; pl. III/VII, fig. 1; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 350, pl. 5, fig. 11 (Pl. P5, figs. 1–10).
Basionym: Actinocyclus senarius Ehrenberg (1837), p. 61.
Remarks: This species is neritic to littoral (Koizumi et al., 2004) and cosmopolitan.

Cocconeis costata Gregory (1855), p. 39, pl. 4, fig. 10; Harwood et al. (2000), p. 459, fig. 9h; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 4, pl. P6, fig. 16 (Pl. P6, figs. 1–4).

Cocconeis fasciolata (Ehrenberg) Brown (1920), p. 232; Harwood et al. (2000), p. 459, figs. 9c, 9d; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 4, pl. P6, fig. 20 (Pl. P6, figs. 5–10).
Basionym: Rhaphoneis fasciolata Ehrenberg (1844a), p. 204.

Cocconeis aff. placentula Ehrenberg (1838), p. 194; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 771, pl. 11, fig. 13 (Pl. P6, figs. 11–20; Pl. P11, figs. 7, 8).

Cocconeis schuettii Van Heurck (1909), p. 18, pl. 2, fig. 29; Harwood et al. (2000), p. 459, figs. 9a, 9b, 9f (Pl. P6, figs. 21–29).

Cocconeis sp. A of Harwood et al. (2000), p. 459, figs. 9u, 9v (Pl. P6, figs. 30, 31).

Cocconeis sp. B (Pl. P6, figs. 32–39; Pl. P11, fig. 4).

Cocconeis spp. (Pl. P6, figs. 40–43).

Delphineis spp. (no illustrations).

Diploneis bombus Ehrenberg (1844b), p. 84; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 351, pl. 5, fig. 3 (Pl. P7, figs. 1–6).

Diploneis frickei (Van Heurck) Heiden et Kolbe (1928), p. 613; Harwood et al. (2000), p. 459, fig. 9m (Pl. P7, figs. 7–12).
Basionym: Navicula frickei Van Heurck (1909), p. 10, pl. 2, fig. 184.

Diploneis splendida (Gregory) Cleve (1894), p. 87; Harwood et al. (2000), p. 459, fig. 9n (Pl. P7, figs. 13–18).
Basionym: Navicula splendida Gregory (1856), p. 44, pl. 5, fig. 14.

Diploneis subovalis Cleve (1894), p. 96, pl. 1, fig. 27; Harwood et al. (2000), p. 459, fig. 9l (Pl. P7, figs. 19–24).

Diploneis sp. (lanceolate) (Pl. P7, figs. 25–28).

Diploneis spp. (Pl. P7, figs. 29, 30).

Grammatophora spp. (Pl. P7, figs. 31–46).

Hyalodiscus spp. (Pl. P5, figs. 11–16).

Navicula directa (Smith) Ralfs in Pritchard (1861), p. 906; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 774, pl. 14, fig. 7 (Pl. P6, figs. 44, 45).
Basionym: Pinnularia directa Smith (1853), p. 56, pl. 18, fig. 172b.
Remarks: A cosmopolitan species, more common in colder waters (Fenner et al., 1976).

Navicula udintsevii Schrader et Fenner (1976), p. 991, pl. 22, fig. 33; pl. 24, figs. 1, 2; Gombos and Ciesielski (1983), p. 602, pl. 21, fig. 8; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 704, pl. 2, fig. 12 (no illustrations).

Navicula wisei Harwood et Maruyama (1992), p. 704, pl. 17, figs. 9, 10 (Pl. P6, figs. 46, 47).

Navicula spp. (Pl. P6, figs. 48–51).

Nitzschia panduriformis Gregory (1857), p. 57, pl. 6, fig. 102 (Pl. P6, figs. 52–57; Pl. P11, figs. 5, 6).
Remarks: Littoral species (Koizumi et al., 2004).

Pleurosigma directum Grunow in Cleve et Grunow (1880), p. 53; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 778, pl. 14, fig. 6; Gombos and Ciesielski (1983), p. 603, pl. 24, fig. 9 (Pl. P8, figs. 1, 2).
Remarks: Cosmopolitan species (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996).

Paralia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve (1873), p. 7; Iwai and Winter (2002), pl. P8, fig. 7; pl. P25, fig. 17; pl. P29, fig. 9; pl. P32, fig. 2; Arney et al. (2003), p. 9, pl. P1, fig. 5 (Pl. P5, figs. 17–23).
Basionym: Gaillonella sulcata Ehrenberg (1838), p. 170, pl. 21, fig. 5.
Synonym: Melosira sulcata (Ehrenberg) Kützing (1844), p. 55, pl. 2, fig. 7.
Remarks: This species is a bottom form but is fairly common in coastal plankton, cosmopolitan (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996).

Rhaphoneis amphiceros (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg (1844b), p. 87; Ciesielski (1986), p. 877, pl. 6, figs. 1–3 (Pl. P6, figs. 58–63).
Basionym: Cocconeis amphiceros Ehrenberg (1840a), p. 206.
Remarks: Probably cosmopolitan (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996).

Rhaphoneis spp. (Pl. P8, figs. 3–8).

Rhopalodia spp. (Pl. P8, figs. 9, 10).

Stauroneis spp. (Pl. P8, figs. 11–16).

Surirella spp. (no illustrations).

Trachyneis spp. (Pl. P8, figs. 17–20).

Stephanopyxis spp. (Pl. P8, figs. 21–34).
Remarks: Several shapes of valves, for example flat and strongly vaulted ones with/without conical processes, were recognized, but firm classification of this genus has not been estimated so far.

Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) Mereschkowsky (1902), p. 78 (Pl. P8, figs. 35–48).
Basionym: Synedra nitzschioides Grunow (1862), p. 403, pl. 5/8, fig. 18.
Synonym: Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) Van Heurck (1896), p. 319, fig. 75; Ciesielski (1986), p. 877, pl. 3, fig. 17; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 11, pl. P5, fig. 18.
Remarks: Cosmopolitan but not in the high Arctic and Antarctic (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996).

Fresh or brackish water

Aulacoseira granulata (Ehrenberg) Simonsen (1979), p. 58 (Pl. P9, figs. 1–8).
Basionym: Gaillonella granulata Ehrenberg (1843), p. 415.
Synonym: Melosira granulata (Ehrenberg) Ralfs in Pritchard (1861), p. 820.

Cyclotella pantanelliana Castracane (1886b), p. 171 (Pl. P9, figs. 9–18).

Cyclotella spp. (no illustrations).

Cymbella spp. (Pl. P9, figs. 19–30).

Discostella stelligera (Cleve et Grunow) Houk et Klee (2004), p. 208 (Pl. P9, figs. 31–44).
Basionym: Cyclotella meneghiniana var. stelligera Cleve et Grunow in Cleve (1881), p. 22, pl. 5, figs. 63a, 63c.
Synonym: Cyclotella stelligera (Cleve et Grunow in Cleve) Van Heurck (1882), pl. 94, figs. 22–26.
Remarks: The type specimen was collected from the Lake Rotoaira, south of the Lake Taupo, New Zealand (Houk and Klee, 2004).

Encyonema spp. (Pl. P9, figs. 45–48).

Epithemia spp. (Pl. P9, figs. 49–52).

Eunotia spp. (Pl. P9, figs. 53–56).

Coastal upwelling indicator, resting spores of Chaetoceros

Coronodiscus collarius Suto (2004a), p. 96, figs. 2A, 5–35 (Pl. P10, figs. 1, 2; Pl. P12, fig. 1).

Dicladia capreola Ehrenberg (1854), pl. 35A, fig. 8; Suto (2003), pp. 337–339, figs. 1B, 17–30, 124, 125 (Pl. P10, figs. 3–6).
Remarks: The vegetative diatom, Chaetoceros lorenzianus Grunow, is a widely distributed neritic, tropical, and temperate species (Lee, 1993).

Dicladia ? spp. (Pl. P10, figs. 7–10).

Dispinodiscus pilusus var. montanus Suto (2004b), pp. 87–89, figs. 1M–1R, 45–56 (Pl. P10, figs. 11–16; Pl. P12, fig. 2).

Dispinodiscus pilusus var. pilusus Suto (2004b), pp. 81–87, figs. 1A–1I, 57–88 (Pl. P10, figs. 17, 18).

Dispinodiscus stimulus Suto (2004b), pp. 80–81, figs. 1J–1L, 6–31, 43, 44 (Pl. P10, figs. 19–24).

Gemellodiscus bifurcus Suto (2004c), p. 269, figs. 2.F, 2.G, 10.1–10.25 (Pl. P10, figs. 25–34; Pl. P12, fig. 3).

Gemellodiscus cingulus Suto (2004c), p. 267, figs. 2.C, 2.D, 8.1–8.10, 8.15 (Pl. P10, figs. 35, 36).

Hypovalve of Gemellodiscus (see Suto, 2004d) (Pl. P10, figs. 37, 38).

Liradiscus castaneus var. castaneus Suto (2007), p. 146, pl. 2, figs. 1a–3c, 7a, 7b, 14a, 14b (Pl. P10, figs. 39–46; Pl. P12, fig. 4).
Remarks: The last occurrence age of this species recognized from IODP Expedition 317 Hole U1352B coincides with that from DSDP Site 436, northwestern Pacific in the middle Pleistocene (Suto, 2007); therefore, this species may be potentially useful for Pacific diatom biostratigraphy because of its specific characteristic allowing for easy identification.

Liradiscus japonicus Suto (2004e), pp. 69–70, pl. 3, figs. 1a–10 (Pl. P10, figs. 47, 48).

Liradiscus pacificus Suto (2004e), pp. 69–70, pl. 3, figs. 1a–10 (Pl. P10, figs. 49, 50).

Liradiscus plicatulus Hajós (1968), p. 114, pl. 28, fig. 10; Suto (2004e), pp. 69–70, pl. 3, figs. 1a–10 (Pl. P10, figs. 51–54; Pl. P12, fig. 5).

Monocladia sp. (Pl. P10, figs. 55, 56).
Remarks: About this genus, see Suto (2003, 2005a).

Quadrocistella rectagonuma Suto (2006a), p. 17, pl. 5, figs. 1–13 (Pl. P10, figs. 57–62; Pl. P12, fig. 6).

Syndendrium diadema Ehrenberg (1854), pl. 35A, group 18, fig. 13; Suto (2003), pp. 342–349 (Pl. P10, figs. 63–74).
Remarks: The extant Chaetoceros diadema considered as the vegetative diatom of this resting spore species is cosmopolitan (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996).

Truncatulus spp. (no illustrations).
Remarks: About this genus, see Suto (2006c).

Vallodiscus complexus Suto (2005b), p. 22, figs. 2D–2F, 33–68 (Pl. P10, figs. 75–78).

Xanthiopyxis hirsuta Hanna et Grant (1926), p. 170, pl. 21, fig. 10; Suto (2004d), pp. 297–299, figs. 1.I1, 1.I2, 11.25–11.28, 13.8 (Pl. P10, figs. 79–84).

Xanthiopyxis polaris Gran (1900), p. 51, pl. 3, figs. 16–19; Suto (2004d), figs. 1.A, 7.1–7.17 (Pl. P10, figs. 85, 86).

Xanthiopyxis type A (knobby type) of Suto (2004d), p. 303, figs. 1.L1, 1.L2, 7.32–7.35, 10.1–10.28 (Pl. P9, figs. 57–62; Pl. P12, fig. 7).

Xanthiopyxis type B (short spiny type) of Suto (2004d), pp. 303–307, figs. 1.M1, 1.M2, 12.1–12.32, 13.1–13.7 (Pl. P9, figs. 63–78; Pl. P12, fig. 8).

Xanthiopyxis type C (long spiny type) of Suto (2004d), p. 307, figs. 1.N, 12.33–12.40 (Pl. P9, figs. 79–84).

Hyaline type resting spores (Pl. P9, figs. 85–96).
Remarks: This hyaline type resting spores have no characteristics on its epivalve surface, but its hypovalve possesses a ring of puncta at the mantle margin.

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