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Table T2. Time-calibrated sequences of diatom biostratigraphic events. (See table notes.)

Event Age (Ma)
Average range
model 		Mid-point Total range
model
  LAD Rouxia leventerae 0.07–0.35 0.21 0.06–0.28
  LAD Hemidiscus karstenii 0.35–0.43 0.39 0.28–0.33
+ LAD Rouxia constricta 0.43–0.5 0.47 0.33–0.39
+ LAD Actinocyclus ingens 0.5–0.57 0.54 0.39–0.45
+ LAD Thalassiosira elliptipora 0.64–0.71 0.68 0.45–0.5
+ FAD Thalassiosira antarctica 0.57–0.64 0.61 0.5–0.56
+ LAD Thalassiosira fasciculata 0.89 0.89 0.56–0.61
– LAD Fragilariopsis reinholdii 2.93–2.99 2.96 0.61–0.67
– LAD Fragilariopsis fossilis 2.86–2.92 2.89 0.67–0.72
+ FAD Navicula directa 1.02–1.03 1.03 1.03
+ LAD Actinocyclus F of Zielinski and Gersonde 2002 1.13–1.29 1.21 1.12–1.14
+ FAD Rouxia constricta 1.04–1.23 1.14 1.16–1.21
+ LAD Fragilariopsis barronii 1.19–1.29 1.24 1.21–1.28
+ LAD Shionodiscus tetraoestrupii var. reimeri 1.31–1.34 1.33 1.26–1.43
+ LAD Rouxia antarctica 1.48–1.51 1.50 1.26–1.43
  LAD Thalassiosira inura 2.53–2.55 2.54 1.35–1.57
  LAD Fragilariopsis A Gersonde 1991 1.54–1.67 1.61 1.35–1.78
  LAD Rouxia naviculoides 2.28–2.32 2.30 1.4–1.84
  LAD Proboscia barboi 1.6–1.73 1.67 1.45–1.81
  FAD Porosira glacialis 1.07–1.23 1.15 1.45–1.81
  LAD Actinocyclus karstenii 2.13–2.16 2.15 1.59–1.87
– LAD Thalassiosira nativa 4.73–4.79 4.76 1.4–1.97
  FAD Fragilariopsis separanda 1.37–1.45 1.41 1.64–1.89
  FAD Fragilariopsis rhombica 1.37–1.45 1.41 1.69–1.92
  LAD Thalassiosira striata 2.89–2.96 2.93 1.78–1.95
+ LAD Thalassiosira kolbei 1.98–1.98 1.98 1.97–1.99
+ LAD Fragilariopsis matuyamae 2–2.06 2.03 1.99–2.01
+ LAD Fragilariopsis matuyamae var. heteropola 2.08–2.11 2.10 2.02–2.06
+ LAD Actinocyclus fasciculatus 2.05–2.27 2.16 2.02–2.1
  LAD Thalassiosira lentiginosa var. obovatus 2.1–2.13 2.12 2.04–2.08
+ LAD Thalassiosira torokina 2.2–2.27 2.24 2.06–2.1
+ LAD Thalassiosira vulnifica 2.15–2.19 2.17 2.1–2.12
+ LAD Fragilariopsis interfrigidaria 2.4–2.45 2.43 2.12–2.14
  FAD Shionodiscus gracilis 1.87 1.87 2.15–2.16
+ FAD Fragilariopsis matuyamae var. heteropola 2.2–2.29 2.25 2.17–2.18
+ LAD Thalassiosira insigna 2.45–2.5 2.48 2.19–2.2
+ LAD Actinocyclus maccollumii 2.4–2.45 2.43 2.21–2.22
  LAD Stephanopyxis turris 2.96–3.08 3.02 2.23–2.24
+ LAD Fragilariopsis weaveri 2.45–2.53 2.49 2.25–2.27
+ FAD Fragilariopsis kerguelensis 2.18–2.21 2.20 2.28–2.29
+ LAD Thalassiosira webbi 2.65–2.77 2.71 2.3–2.31
+ LAD Rouxia diploneides 2.55–2.69 2.62 2.32–2.33
+ LAD Thalassiosira jacksonii 3.67–3.85 3.76 2.34–2.37
– LAD Fragilariopsis clementia 4.51–4.6 4.56 2.34–2.37
+ FAD Asteromphalus hyalinus 1.54–1.62 1.58 2.38–2.39
+ LAD Thalassiosira complicata 3.36–3.44 3.40 2.41–2.41
  LAD Fragilariopsis praeinterfrigidaria 3.45–3.49 3.47 2.43–2.43
+ LAD Alveus marinus 3–3.33 3.17 2.45–2.48
  LAD Rouxia californica 4.29–4.82 4.56 2.47–2.5
  FAD Porosira pseudodenticulata 2.25–2.32 2.29 2.45–2.52
+ LAD Rouxia heteropolara 3.42–3.47 3.45 2.49–2.52
  FAD Rouxia leventerae 2–2.08 2.04 2.54–2.54
  LAD Thalassiosira convexa 2.58–2.81 2.70 2.56–2.56
+ FAD Shionodiscus tetraoestrupii var. reimeri 2.35–2.37 2.36 2.61–2.63
+ FAD Fragilariopsis matuyamae 2.38–2.4 2.39 2.63–2.66
+ LAD Navicula wisei 3.73–3.94 3.84 2.66–2.69
+ FAD Actinocyclus F of Zielinski and Gersonde 2002 2.33–2.34 2.34 2.69–2.71
  LAD Fragilariopsis praecurta 4.19–4.28 4.24 2.74
+ LAD Actinocyclus octonarius var. asteriscus 3.99–4.26 4.13 2.77–2.79
+ FAD Actinocyclus fasciculatus 2.65–2.77 2.71 2.77–2.79
  LAD Fragilariopsis aurica 4.21–4.35 4.28 2.82
  FAD Actinocyclus actinochilus 2.72–2.81 2.77 2.84
+ FAD Actinocyclus maccollumii 2.79–2.84 2.82 2.87
+ LAD Fragilariopsis lacrima 3.99–4.26 4.13 2.9
+ LAD Fragilariopsis arcula 4.29–4.49 4.39 2.92–2.95
+ FAD Asteromphalus hookeri 2.45–2.53 2.49 2.92–2.98
  FAD Thalassiosira elliptipora 2–2.06 2.03 2.95–2.98
  LAD Thalassiosira oliverana var. sparsa 4.79–4.9 4.85 3
  LAD Denticulopsis simonsenii 4.83–4.95 4.89 3.36
  FAD Fragilariopsis obliquecostata 1.66–1.73 1.70 3.38–3.41
  FAD Fragilariopsis ritscheri 2.82–2.88 2.85 3.41–3.44
+ FAD Thalassiosira lentiginosa var. obovatus 3.33–3.41 3.37 3.44–3.47
  FAD Fragilariopsis ritscheri A 3.48–3.52 3.50 3.47–3.49
  FAD Thalassiosira webbi 3.17–3.44 3.31 3.38–3.57
+ FAD Thalassiosira vulnifica 3.12–3.18 3.15 3.49–3.52
+ FAD Thalassiosira insigna 3.14–3.36 3.25 3.52–3.55
+ FAD Fragilariopsis weaveri 3.51–3.55 3.53 3.55–3.57
  FAD Fragilariopsis curta 3.54–3.57 3.56 4.2–4.2
  FAD Fragilariopsis A Gersonde 1991 3.57–4.42 4.00 4.21–4.22
+ FAD Chaetoceras bulbosum 3.6–3.77 3.69 4.21–4.23
  LAD Thalassiothrix miocenica 4.54–4.8 4.67 4.22–4.23
+ FAD Thalassiosira lentiginosa 3.86–4.11 3.99 4.24–4.25
+ LAD Hemidiscus karstenii f1 4.74–5.12 4.93 4.25–4.28
+ LAD Rouxia peragalli 4.58–4.75 4.67 4.25–4.28
+ FAD Fragilariopsis interfrigidaria 3.93–4.19 4.06 4.27–4.29
+ LAD Rhizosolenia costata 4.2–4.3 4.25 4.28–4.3
  FAD Navicula wisei 4.56–4.7 4.63 4.25–4.69
  FAD Thalassiosira fasciculata 4.25–4.42 4.34 4.3–4.69
  FAD Fragilariopsis barronii 4.28–4.52 4.40 4.43–4.72
  FAD Thalassiosira kolbei 3.8–4.02 3.91 4.43–4.72
  FAD Azpeitia nodulifer 4.56–4.71 4.64 4.68–4.74
+ FAD Thalassiosira striata 4.3–4.64 4.47 4.7–4.78
  FAD Thalassiosira tumida 4.23–4.37 4.30 4.73–4.8
+ FAD Azpeitia tabularis var. egregius 4.3–4.57 4.44 4.7–4.82
+ FAD Thalassiosira lineata 4.66–4.72 4.69 4.78–4.83
+ FAD Rhizosolenia costata 4.58–4.74 4.66 4.78–4.83
+ FAD Rouxia diploneides 4.61–4.7 4.66 4.83–4.84
+ FAD Thalassiosira complicata 4.64–4.71 4.68 4.84–4.86
– FAD Actinocyclus octonarius var. asteriscus 4.24–4.4 4.32 4.86–4.87
  FAD Rouxia antarctica 4.43–4.57 4.50 4.87–4.88
  LAD Fragilariopsis donahuensis 5.1–6.86 5.98 4.89–4.89
+ FAD Thalassiosira inura 4.71–4.77 4.74 4.92
+ LAD Actinocyclus ingens var. ovalis 4.75–6.81 5.78 4.94
+ FAD Fragilariopsis praeinterfrigidaria 4.72–4.78 4.75 4.96
+ FAD Fragilariopsis lacrima 4.69–4.74 4.72 4.98
  LAD Thalassiosira praeconvexa 6.1–6.92 6.51 5.04
+ LAD Nitzschia miocenica 5–5.24 5.12 5.08
  LAD Hemidiscus triangularus 5.14–6.86 6.00 5.12
– LAD Fragilariopsis januaria 8.7–8.77 8.74 5.16
+ LAD Neobrunia mirabilis 6.25–6.97 6.61 5.2
  LAD Asteromphalus kennettii 6.61–8.21 7.41 5.5
  LAD Actinocyclus ellipticus 5.14–7.78 6.46 5.77
  FAD Shionodiscus oestrupii 4.8–4.95 4.88 6.05–6.13
  LAD Thalassiosira miocenica 4.9–6.92 5.91 6.08–6.23
  FAD Rouxia heteropolara 4.68–4.73 4.71 6.1–6.33
– LAD Fragilariopsis pusilla 15.33–15.34 15.34 6.13–6.91
– FAD Thalassiosira convexa 5.19–6.64 5.92 6.13–6.91
– FAD Thalassiosira jacksonii 4.78–4.86 4.82 6.18–8.21
– FAD Thalassiosira praeconvexa 6.31–7.03 6.67 6.2–8.41
– LAD Denticulopsis crassa 7.92–8.33 8.13 7.53–8.3
– LAD Lithodesmium minisculum 8.5–8.74 8.62 6.2–8.59
  LAD Denticulopsis ovata 8.57–10.71 9.64 8.11–8.34
  LAD Denticulopsis dimorpha 9.78–10.77 10.28 8.24–8.41
+ FAD Thalassiosira miocenica 6.25–8.33 7.29 8.34–8.44
  FAD Nitzschia miocenica 8.5–8.61 8.56 8.39–8.48
+ LAAD Denticulopsis simonsenii 8.57–8.68 8.63 8.43–8.52
  FAD Alveus marinus 8.4–8.61 8.51 8.47–8.55
  FAD Fragilariopsis reinholdii 8.43–8.52 8.48 8.51–8.59
+ FAD Thalassiosira oliverana var. sparsa 8.47–8.58 8.53 8.6–8.63
– LAD Asteromphalus oligocenicus 12.07 12.07 8.64–8.66
  LAD Fragilariopsis claviceps 9.67–10.84 10.26 8.68–8.73
+ FAD Fragilariopsis arcula 8.4–8.49 8.45 8.68–8.73
  FAD Fragilariopsis fossilis 8.37–8.43 8.40 8.84–8.88
  FAD Hemidiscus triangularus 6.41–7.08 6.75 8.9–9.15
– FAD Thalassiosira eccentrica 6.41–7.94 7.18 8.9–9.15
  FAD Hemidiscus karstenii f1 6.96–8.39 7.68 8.97–9.26
  FAD Actinocyclus ingens ovalis 8.6–8.74 8.67 9.1–9.26
+ FAD Thalassiosira torokina 6.43–8.03 7.23 9.36
– FAD Thalassiosira oliverana 5.14–7.21 6.18 9.73
  LAD Denticulopsis dimorpha var. areolata 9.72–10.77 10.25 9.73
– LAD Denticulopsis lauta 12.46–13.73 13.10 9.74
+ FAD Rouxia californica 8.5–8.74 8.62 9.74
– FAD Fragilariopsis clementia 6.35–7.7 7.03 9.75
+ FAD Lithodesmium minisculum 9.69–10.38 10.04 9.76–9.76
  FAD Fragilariopsis aurica 8.3–8.39 8.35 9.76–9.77
  FAD Thalassiosira nativa 9.68–10.18 9.93 9.76–9.77
  FAD Hemidiscus karstenii 9.68–10.24 9.96 9.77
  FAD Asteromphalus kennettii 9.7–10.71 10.21 9.94–10.03
  FAD Denticulopsis crassa 9.7–10.51 10.11 10.1–10.28
  FAD Hemidiscus cuneiformis 10.24–10.91 10.58 10.25–10.54
  LAAD Denticulopsis dimorpha 10.58–10.97 10.40 10.41–11.04
– FAD Actinocyclus ellipticus 9.71–11.08 10.78 10.41–11.32
  LAD Denticulopsis praedimorpha 11.44 11.44 10.73–11.41
  FAD Actinocyclus karstenii 9.67–10.05 10.14 10.88–11.49
– FAD Thalassiothrix miocenica 9.7–10.58 9.86 10.73–11.84
  LAD Nitzschia denticuloides 11.72 11.72 11.15–11.58
  FAD Fragilariopsis praecurta 8.77–10.11 9.44 11.29–11.67
  FAD Denticulopsis dimorpha var. areolata 9.78–10.84 10.31 11.44–11.84
  FAD Eucampia antarctica 10.01–10.91 10.46 11.44–11.84
  LAD Actinocyclus ingens nodus 12.52–12.6 12.56 11.87–11.92
+ LAD Crucidenticula nicobarica 12.57–12.67 12.62 12.14–12.26
+ LAD Nitzschia grossepunctata 12.73–13.25 12.99 12.17–12.31
  FAD Denticulopsis ovata 11.08–11.1 11.09 12.19–12.36
  FAD Denticulopsis dimorpha 12.46–12.54 12.50 12.52
+ FAD Fragilariopsis claviceps 12.62–12.73 12.68 12.62
  FAD Denticulopsis praedimorpha 12.81–13.13 12.97 12.81
– FAD Fragilariopsis donahuensis 10.81–11.08 10.95 13.64–13.67
– LAD Denticulopsis hyalina 13.13–13.52 13.33 13.69–14.24
  LAD Denticulopsis maccollumii 14.29–14.36 14.33 14.11–14.3
  LAD Cavitatus jouseanus 14.39–14.54 14.47 14.13–14.4
  FAD Denticulopsis simonsenii 14.15–14.16 14.16 14.14–14.46
– FAD Fragilariopsis januaria 10.7–11.08 10.89 14.13–14.56
  FAD Nitzschia denticuloides 13.37–13.6 13.49 14.15–14.51
  FAD Denticulopsis hyalina 13.45–14.13 13.79 14.16–14.56
  LAD Araniscus lewisianus 14.68–15.1 14.89 14.31–14.61
  FAD Actinocyclus ingens var. nodus 14.49–14.71 14.60 14.42–14.67
  LAD Nitzschia 17 Schrader 15.5–15.52 15.51 14.54–14.72
  LAD Cavitatus miocenicus 14.58–14.98 14.78 14.65–14.77
+ LAD Crucidenticula kanayae 16.18–16.61 16.40 14.77–14.83
+ LAD Raphidodiscus marylandicus 16.18–16.61 16.40 15.07–15.12
  LAD Coscinodiscus rhombicus 16.35–17.88 17.12 15.07–15.12
  LAD Fragilariopsis maleinterpretaria 16.52–16.97 16.75 15.37
  FAD Denticulopsis lauta 15.67–15.7 15.69 15.57
  FAD Actinocyclus ingens 15.84–15.89 15.87 15.78
  FAD Nitzschia grossepunctata 16.01–16.07 16.04 15.99
  FAD Nitzschia sp. 17 Schrader 16.35–17.15 16.75 16.2
  FAD Denticulopsis maccollumii 16.87–17.15 17.01 16.4
  FAD Neobrunia mirabilis 16.7–17.34 17.02 16.61
  LAD Thalassiosira praefraga 17.38–17.88 17.63 16.82
– FAD Rouxia naviculoides 7.53–8.39 7.96 17.02
  FAD Araniscus lewisianus 17.21–17.88 17.55 17.23
– FAD Crucidenticula nicobarica 14.58–15.1 14.84 17.44
  FAD Crucidenticula kanayae 17.38–17.88 17.63 17.65
– FAD Rouxia peragalli 6.38–7.61 7.00 17.85
  FAD Fragilariopsis pusilla 18.32–18.5 18.41 18.27
– FAD Proboscia barboi 13–13.37 13.19 18.47
  FAD Raphidodiscus marylandicus 18.5–18.68 18.59 18.68
  FAD Azpeitia tabularis 18.06–18.32 18.19 18.89
  FAD Thalassiosira praefraga 18.68–18.85 18.77 19.1–19.3
  FAD Fragilariopsis maleinterpretaria 18.85–19.03 18.94 19.1–19.3
– FAD Stephanopyxis turris 9.66–9.98 9.82 19.51–19.72
  FAD Cavitatus miocenicus 19.03–19.38 19.21 19.51–20.13
  FAD Actinocyclus octonarius 17.89–19.2 18.55 19.72–19.92
  FAD Coscinodiscus rhombicus 19.2–19.38 19.29 19.92–20.13
  FAD Asteromphalus oligocenicus 19.55 19.55 20.34
+ FAD Cavitatus jouseanus 19.73 19.73 20.55

Notes: Generated by the total range and average range models of Cody et al. (2008). Ranges are plotted in Figure F6. FAD = first appearance datum, LAD = last appearance datum. LAAD = last abundant appearance datum. + = events used as primary biostratigraphic markers in Cody et al. (2008), – = events unsuitable for biostratigraphy (Cody et al., 2008). As a first-stage attempt to resolve the best-fit sedimentation rate for all sites, an age was assigned for the stratigraphic first occurrence and last occurrence of diatom events using the mid-point age value of the FADs and LADs of the average range model by Cody et al. (2008).

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