IODP

doi:10.14379/iodp.sp.353.2014

References

Ahmad, S.M., Babu, G.A., Padmakumari, V.M., and Raza, W., 2008. Surface and deep water changes in the northeast Indian Ocean during the last 60 ka inferred from carbon and oxygen isotopes of planktonic and benthic foraminifera. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, 262(3–4):182–188. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.palaeo.2008.03.007

Alizai, A., Hillier, S., Clift, P.D., Giosan, L., Hurst, A., VanLaningham, S., and Macklin, M., 2012. Clay mineral variations in Holocene terrestrial sediments from the Indus Basin. Quaternary Research, 77(3):368–381. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.yqres.2012.01.008

Altabet, M.A., Higginson, M.J., and Murray, D.W., 2002. The effect of millennial-scale changes in Arabian Sea denitrification on atmospheric CO2. Nature, 415(6868):159–162. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1038/​415159a

Amakawa, H., Alibo, D.S., and Nozaki, Y., 2000. Nd isotopic composition and REE pattern in the surface waters of the eastern Indian Ocean and its adjacent seas. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64(10):1715–1727. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​S0016-7037(00)00333-1

An, Z., Clemens, S.C., Shen, J., Qiang, X., Jin, Z., Sun, Y., Prell, W.L., Luo, J., Wang, S., Xu, H., Cai, Y., Zhou, W., Liu, X., Liu, W., Shi, Z., Yan, L., Xiao, X., Chang, H., Wu, F., Ai, L., and Lu, F., 2011. Glacial–interglacial Indian summer monsoon dynamics. Science, 333(6043):719–723. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1126/​science.1203752

Anand, P., Kroon, D., Singh, A.D., Ganeshram, R.S., Ganssen, G., and Elderfield, H., 2008. Coupled sea surface temperature–seawater δ18O reconstructions in the Arabian Sea at the millennial scale for the last 35 ka. Paleoceanography, 23(4):PA4207. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2007PA001564

Antonov, J.I., Seidov, D., Boyer, T.P., Locarnini, R.A., Mishonov, A.V., Garcia, H.E., Baranova, O.K., Zweng, M.M., and Johnson, D.R., 2010. World Ocean Atlas 2009 (Vol. 2): Salinity. In Levitus, S. (Ed.), NOAA Atlas NESDIS 69: Washington D.C. (U.S. Government Printing Office). ftp://ftp.nodc.noaa.gov/​pub/​WOA09/​DOC/​woa09_vol2_text_figures.pdf

Bahr, A., Nürnberg, D., Schönfeld, J., and Garbe-Schönberg, D., 2011. Hydrological variability in Florida Straits during marine isotope Stage 5 cold events. Paleoceanography, 26(2):PA2214. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2010PA002015

Billups, K., Channell, J.E.T., and Zachos, J., 2002. Late Oligocene to early Miocene geochronology and paleoceanography from the subantarctic South Atlantic. Paleoceanography, 17(1):1–11. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2000PA000568

Bollmann, J., and Herrle, J.O., 2007. Morphological variation of Emiliania huxleyi and sea surface salinity. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 255(3–4):273–288. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.epsl.2006.12.029

Bosilovich, M.G., and Schubert, S.D., 2002. Water vapor tracers as diagnostics of the regional hydrologic cycle. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 3(2):149–165. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1175/​1525-7541(2002)003<0149:WVTADO>2.0.CO;2

Burton, K.W., and Vance, D., 2000. Glacial–interglacial variations in the neodymium isotope composition of seawater in the Bay of Bengal recorded by planktonic foraminifera. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 176(3–4):425–441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/​S0012-821X(00)00011-X

Caballero-Gill, R.P., Clemens, S.C., and Prell, W.L., 2012. Direct correlation of Chinese speleothem δ18O and South China Sea planktonic δ18O: transferring a speleothem chronology to the benthic marine chronology. Paleoceanography, 27(2):PA2203. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2011PA002268

Cai, Y., An, Z., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Kelly, M.J., Liu, W., Wang, X., and Shen, C.-C., 2006. High-resolution absolute-dated Indian Monsoon record between 53 and 36 ka from Xiaobailong Cave, southwestern China. Geology, 34(8):621–624. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1130/​G22567.1

Caley, T., Malaizé, B., Bassinot, F., Clemens, S.C., Caillon, N., Linda, R., Charlier, K., and Rebaubier, H., 2011a. The monsoon imprint during the “atypical” MIS 13 as seen through north and equatorial Indian Ocean records. Quaternary Research, 76(2):285–293. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.yqres.2011.07.001

Caley, T., Malaizé, B., Revel, M., Ducassou, E., Wainer, K., Ibrahim, M., Shoeaib, D., Migeon, S., and Marieu, V., 2011b. Orbital timing of the Indian, East Asian and African boreal monsoons and the concept of a “global monsoon.” Quaternary Science Reviews, 30(25–26):3705–3715. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.quascirev.2011.09.015

Caley, T., Malaizé, B., Zaragosi, S., Rossignol, L., Bourget, J., Eynaud, F., Martinez, P., Giraudeau, J., Charlier, K., and Ellouz-Zimmermann, N., 2011c. New Arabian Sea records help decipher orbital timing of Indo-Asian monsoon. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 308(3–4):433–444. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.epsl.2011.06.019

Cane, M.A., and Molnar, P., 2001. Closing of the Indonesian Seaway as a precursor to East African aridification around 3–4 million years ago. Nature, 411(6834):157–162. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1038/​35075500

Carroll, J., Falkner, K.K., Brown, E.T., and Moore, W.S., 1993. The role of the Ganges-Brahmaputra mixing zone in supplying barium and 226Ra to the Bay of Bengal. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57(13):2981–2990. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​0016-7037(93)90287-7

Cerling, T.E., Harris, J.M., MacFadden, B.J., Leakey, M.G., Quade, J., Eisenmann, V., and Ehleringer, J.R., 1997. Global vegetation change through the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Nature, 389(6647):153–158. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1038/​38229

Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Broecker, W.S., Denton, G.H., Kong, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, R., and Wang, X., 2009. Ice age terminations. Science, 326(5950):248–252. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1126/​science.1177840

Clemens, S., Prell, W., Murray, D., Shimmield, G., and Weedon, G., 1991. Forcing mechanisms of the Indian Ocean monsoon. Nature, 353(6346):720–725. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1038/​353720a0

Clemens, S.C., 2005. Millennial-band climate spectrum resolved and linked to centennial-scale solar cycles. Quaternary Science Reviews, 24(5–6):521–531. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.quascirev.2004.10.015

Clemens, S.C., Murray, D.W., and Prell, W.L., 1996. Nonstationary phase of the Plio-Pleistocene Asian monsoon. Science, 274(5289):943–948. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1126/​science.274.5289.943

Clemens, S.C., and Prell, W.L., 2003. A 350,000 year summer-monsoon multi-proxy stack from the Owen Ridge, northern Arabian Sea. Marine Geology, 201(1–3):35–51. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​S0025-3227(03)00207-X

Clemens, S.C., and Prell, W.L., 2007. The timing of orbital-scale Indian monsoon changes. Quaternary Science Reviews, 26(3–4):275–278. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.quascirev.2006.11.010

Clemens, S.C., Prell, W.L., and Sun, Y., 2010. Orbital-scale timing and mechanisms driving late Pleistocene Indo-Asian summer monsoons: reinterpreting cave speleothem δ18O. Paleoceanography, 25(4):PA4207. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2010PA001926

Clemens, S.C., Prell, W.L., Sun, Y., Liu, Z., and Chen, G., 2008. Southern hemisphere forcing of Pliocene δ18O and the evolution of Indo-Asian monsoons. Paleoceanography, 23(4):PA4210. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2008PA001638

Clift, P.D., and Plumb, R.A., 2008. The Asian Monsoon: Causes, History and Effects: Cambridge (Cambridge University Press). http://dx.doi.org/​10.1017/​CBO9780511535833

Clift, P.D., Hodges, K.V., Heslop, D., Hannigan, R., Long, H.V., and Calves, G., 2008. Correlation of Himalayan exhumation rates and Asian monsoon intensity. Nature Geoscience, 1(12):875–880. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1038/​ngeo351

Colin, C., Turpin, L., Bertaux, J., Desprairies, A., and Kissel, C., 1999. Erosional history of the Himalayan and Burman ranges during the last two glacial–interglacial cycles. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 171(4):647–660. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​S0012-821X(99)00184-3

Colin, C., Turpin, L., Blamart, D., Frank, N., Kissel, C., and Duchamp, S., 2006. Evolution of weathering patterns in the Indo-Burman Ranges over the last 280 kyr: effects of sediment provenance on 87Sr/86Sr ratios tracer. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 7(3):Q03007. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2005GC000962

Cullen, J.L., 1981. Microfossil evidence for changing salinity patterns in the Bay of Bengal over the last 20,000 years. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaecology, 35:315–356. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​0031-0182(81)90101-2

Cullen, J.L., and Prell, W.L., 1984. Planktonic foraminifera of the northern Indian Ocean: distribution and preservation in surface sediments. Marine Micropaleontology, 9(1):1–52. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​0377-8398(84)90022-7

Curray, J.R., 1991. Possible greenschist metamorphism at the base of a 22-km sedimentary section, Bay of Bengal. Geology, 19(11):1097–1100. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1130/​0091-7613(1991)019<1097:PGMATB>2.3.CO;2

Curray, J.R., 2005. Tectonics and history of the Andaman Sea region. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 25(1):187–232. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.jseaes.2004.09.001

Dekens, P.S., Ravelo, A.C., McCarthy, M.D., and Edwards, C.A., 2008. A 5 million year comparison of Mg/Ca and alkenone paleothermometers. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 9(10):Q10001. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2007GC001931

Delaygue, G., Bard, E., Rollion, C., Jouzel, J., Stiévenard, M., Duplessy, J.C., and Ganssen, G., 2001. Oxygen isotope/salinity relationship in the northern Indian Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 106(C3):4565–4574. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​1999JC000061

Dettman, D.L., Kohn, M.J., Quade, J., Ryerson, F.J., Ojha, T.P., and Hamidullah, S., 2001. Seasonal stable isotope evidence for a strong Asian monsoon throughout the past 10.7 m.y. Geology, 29(1):31–34. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1130/​0091-7613(2001)029<0031:SSIEFA>2.0.CO;2

Dickens, G.R., and Owen, R.M., 1999. The latest Miocene–early Pliocene biogenic bloom: a revised Indian Ocean perspective. Marine Geology, 161(1):75–91. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​S0025-3227(99)00057-2

Ding, Y., and Chan, J.C.L., 2005. The East Asian summer monsoon: an overview. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 89(1–4):117–142. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1007/​s00703-005-0125-z

Ding, Y., Li, C., and Liu, Y., 2004. Overview of the South China Sea monsoon experiment. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 21(3):343–360. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1007/​BF02915563

Elderfield, H., and Ganssen, G., 2000. Past temperature and δ18O of surface ocean waters inferred from foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratios. Nature, 405(6785):442–445. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1038/​35013033

Emile-Geay, J., Cane, M.A., Naik, N., Seager, R., Clement, A.C., and van Geen, A., 2003. Warren revisited: atmospheric freshwater fluxes and “why is no deep water formed in the North Pacific?” Journal of Geophysics Research: Oceans, 108(C6):3178. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2001JC001058

Farrell, J.W., Raffi, I., Janecek, T.R., Murray, D.W., Levitan, M., Dadey, K.A., Emeis, K.-C., Lyle, M., Flores, J.-A., and Hovan, S., 1995. Late Neogene sedimentation patterns in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. In Pisias, N.G., Mayer, L.A., Janecek, T.R., Palmer-Julson, A., and van Andel, T.H. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 138: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 717–756. http://dx.doi.org/​10.2973/​odp.proc.sr.138.143.1995

Feakins, S.J., deMenocal, P.B., and Eglinton, T.I., 2005. Biomarker records of late Neogene changes in northeast African vegetation. Geology, 33(12):977–980. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1130/​G21814.1

Federov, L.V., Ravich, M.G., and Hofmann, J., 1982. Geologic comparison of southeastern peninsular India and Sri Lanka with a part of East Antarctica (Enderby Land, MacRobertson Land, and Princess Elizabeth Land). In Craddock, C. (Ed.), Antarctic Geoscience: Madison, Wisconsin (University of Wisconsin Press), 73–78.

Frank, M., Whiteley, N., van de Flierdt, T., Reynolds, B.C., and O’Nions, K., 2006. Nd and Pb isotope evolution of deep water masses in the eastern Indian Ocean during the past 33 Myr. Chemical Geology, 226(3–4):264–279. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.chemgeo.2005.09.024

Frerichs, W.E., 1971. Planktonic foraminifera in the sediments of the Andaman Sea. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 1(1):1–14. http://dx.doi.org/​10.2113/​gsjfr.1.1.1

Giosan, L., Flood, R.D., Grützner, J., and Mudie, P., 2002. Paleoceanographic significance of sediment color on western North Atlantic drifts: II. Late Pliocene–Pleistocene sedimentation. Marine Geology, 189(1–2):43–61. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​S0025-3227(02)00322-5

Goswami, V., Singh, S.K., Bhushan, R., and Rai, V.K., 2012. Temporal variations in 87Sr/86Sr and εNd in sediments of the southeastern Arabian Sea: impact of monsoon and surface water circulation. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 13(1):Q01001. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2011GC003802

Gourlan, A.T., Meynadier, L., and Allègre, C.J., 2008. Tectonically driven changes in the Indian Ocean circulation over the last 25 Ma: neodymium isotope evidence. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 267(1–2):353–364. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.epsl.2007.11.054

Gourlan, A.T., Meynadier, L., Allègre, C.J., Tapponnier, P., Birck, J.-L., and Joron, J.-L., 2010. Northern Hemisphere climate control of the Bengali rivers discharge during the past 4 Ma. Quaternary Science Reviews, 29(19–20):2484–2498. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.quascirev.2010.05.003

Govil, P., and Naidu, P.D., 2011. Variations of Indian monsoon precipitation during the last 32 kyr reflected in the surface hydrography of the Western Bay of Bengal. Quaternary Science Reviews, 30(27–28):3871–3879. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.quascirev.2011.10.004

Govin, A., Holzwarth, U., Heslop, D., Keeling, L.F., Zabel, M., Mulitza, S., Collins, J.A., and Chiessi, C.M., 2012. Distribution of major elements in Atlantic surface sediments (36°N– 49°S): imprint of terrigenous input and continental weathering. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 13(1). http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2011GC003785

Guo, Z.T., Ruddiman, W.F., Hao, Q.Z., Wu, H.B., Qiao, Y.S., Zhu, R.X., Peng, S.Z., Wei, J.J., Yuan, B.Y., and Liu, T.S., 2002. Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China. Nature, 416(6877):159–163. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1038/​416159a

Gupta, A.K., Singh, R.K., Joseph, S., and Thomas, E., 2004. Indian Ocean high-productivity event (10–8 Ma): linked to global cooling or to the initiation of the Indian monsoons? Geology, 32(9):753–756. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1130/​G20662.1

Gupta, A.K., Singh, R.K., and Verma, S., 2013. Deep-sea palaeoceanographic evolution of the eastern Indian Ocean during the late Oligocene–Pleistocene: species diversity trends in benthic foraminifera. Current Science, 104(7):904–910. http://www.currentscience.ac.in/​Volumes/​104/​07/​0904.pdf

Gupta, A.K., and Thomas, E., 2003. Initiation of Northern Hemisphere glaciation and strengthening of the northeast Indian monsoon: Ocean Drilling Program Site 758, eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. Geology, 31(1):47–50. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1130/​0091-7613(2003)031<0047:IONHGA>2.0.CO;2

Guptha, M.V.S., Curry, W.B., Ittekkot, V., and Muralinath, A.S., 1997. Seasonal variation in the flux of planktonic foraminifera: sediment trap results from the Bay of Bengal, northern Indian Ocean. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 27(1):5–19. http://dx.doi.org/​10.2113/​gsjfr.27.1.5

Haarmann, T., Hathorne, E.C., Mohtadi, M., Groeneveld, J., Kölling, M., and Bickert, T., 2011. Mg/Ca ratios of single planktonic foraminifer shells and the potential to reconstruct the thermal seasonality of the water column. Paleoceanography, 26(3):PA3218. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2010PA002091

Hall, J.M., and Chan, L.-H., 2004. Ba/Ca in Neogloboquadrina pachyderma as an indicator of deglacial meltwater discharge into the western Arctic Ocean. Paleoceanography, 19(1):PA1017. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2003PA000910

Hall, R., 2002. Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SE Asia and the SW Pacific: computer-based reconstructions, model and animations. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 20(4):353–431. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​S1367-9120(01)00069-4

Hall, R., Cottam, M.A., and Wilson, M.E.J., 2011. The SE Asian gateway: history and tectonics of the Australia–Asia collision. Special Publication—Geological Society of London, 355(1):1–6. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1144/​SP355.1

Hastenrath, S., and Greischar, L., 1993. The monsoonal heat budget of the hydrosphere atmosphere system in the Indian Ocean sector. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 98(C4):6869–6881. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​92JC02956

Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Clemens, S., Prell, W., and Andersen, N., 2013. Middle to late Miocene stepwise climate cooling: evidence from a high-resolution deep water isotope curve spanning 8 million years. Paleoceanography, 28(4):688–699. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1002/​2013PA002538

Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Regenberg, M., Schulz, M., Mix, A., and Andersen, N., 2010. Does Antarctic glaciation force migration of the tropical rain belt? Geology, 38(9):783–786. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1130/​G31043.1

Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Schulz, M., Flores, J.-A., and Andersen, N., 2007. Orbitally-paced climate evolution during the middle Miocene “Monterey” carbon-isotope excursion. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 261(3–4):534–550. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.epsl.2007.07.026

Hönisch, B., Allen, K.A., Russell, A.D., Eggins, S.M., Bijma, J., Spero, H.J., Lea, D.W., and Yu, J., 2011. Planktic foraminifers as recorders of seawater Ba/Ca. Marine Micropaleontology, 79(1–2):52–57. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.marmicro.2011.01.003

Hou, J., D’Andrea, W.J., and Huang, Y., 2008. Can sedimentary leaf waxes record D/H ratios of continental precipitation? Field, model, and experimental assessments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72(14):3503–3517. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.gca.2008.04.030

Hou, J., Huang, Y., Oswald, W.W., Foster, D.R., and Shuman, B., 2007a. Centennial-scale compound-specific hydrogen isotope record of Pleistocene–Holocene climate transition from southern New England. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(19):L19706. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2007GL030303

Hou, J., D’Andrea, W.J., MacDonald, D., and Huang, Y., 2007b. Hydrogen isotopic variability in leaf waxes among terrestrial and aquatic plants around Blood Pond, Massachusetts (USA). Organic Geochemistry, 38(6):977–984. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.orggeochem.2006.12.009

Hovan, S., and Rea, D.K., 1992. The Cenozoic record of continental mineral deposition on Broken and Ninetyeast Ridges, Indian Ocean: southern African aridity and sediment delivery from the Himalayas. Paleoceanography, 7(6):833–860. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​92PA02176

Huang, Y., Clemens, S.C., Liu, W., Wang, Y., and Prell, W.L., 2007. Large-scale hydrological change drove the late Miocene C4 plant expansion in the Himalayan foreland and Arabian Peninsula. Geology, 35(6):531–534. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1130/​G23666A.1

Huang, Y.S., Shuman, B., Wang, Y., and Webb, T., III, 2002. Hydrogen isotope ratios of palmitic acid in lacustrine sediments record late Quaternary climate variations. Geology, 30(12):1103–1106. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1130/​0091-7613(2002)030<1103:HIROPA>2.0.CO;2

Jacob, J., Huang, Y., Disnar, J.-R., Sifeddine, A., Boussafir, M., Albuquerque, A.L.S., and Turcq, B., 2007. Paleohydrological changes during the last deglaciation in northern Brazil. Quaternary Science Reviews, 26(7–8):1004–1015. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.quascirev.2006.12.004

Jensen, T.G., 2001. Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal exchange of salt and tracers in an ocean model. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(20):3967–3970. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2001GL013422

Jensen, T.G., 2003. Cross-equatorial pathways of salt and tracers from the northern Indian Ocean: modeling results. Deep Sea Research, Part II, 50(12–13):2111–2127. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​S0967-0645(03)00048-1

Khider, D., Stott, L.D., Emile-Geay, J., Thunell, R., and Hammond, D.E., 2011. Assessing El Niño Southern Oscillation variability during the past millennium. Paleoceanography, 26(3):PA3222. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2011PA002139

Kroon, D., Steens, T., and Troelstra, S.R., 1991. Onset of monsoonal related upwelling in the western Arabian Sea as revealed by planktonic foraminifers. In Prell, W.L., Niitsuma, N., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 117: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 257–263. http://dx.doi.org/​10.2973/​odp.proc.sr.117.126.1991

Kudrass, H.R., Hofmann, A., Doose, H., Emeis, K., and Erlenkeuser, H., 2001. Modulation and amplification of climatic changes in the Northern Hemisphere by the Indian summer monsoon during the past 80 k.y. Geology, 29(1):63–66. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1130/​0091-7613(2001)029<0063:MAAOCC>2.0.CO;2

Kuhnt, W., Holbourn, A., Hall, R., Zuvela, M. and Käse, R., 2004. Neogene history of the Indonesian throughflow. In Clift, P., Wang, P., Kuhnt, W., and Hayes, D. (Eds.), Continent-Ocean Interactions within East Asian Marginal Seas. Geophysical Monograph, 149:299–320. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​149GM16

Kumar, S.P., Muraleedharan, P.M., Prasad, T.G., Gauns, M., Ramaiah, N., de Souza, S.N., Sardesai, S., and Madhupratap, M., 2002. Why is the Bay of Bengal less productive during summer monsoon compared to the Arabian Sea? Geophysical Research Letters, 29(24):2235. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2002GL016013

Lea, D.W., Pak, D.K., and Spero, H.J., 2000. Climate impact of late Quaternary equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature variations. Science, 289(5485):1719–1724. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1126/​science.289.5485.1719

LeGrande, A.N., and Schmidt, G.A., 2010. Water isotopologues as a quantitative paleosalinity proxy. Paleoceanography, 26(3):PA3225. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2010PA002043

Lisiecki, L.E., and Raymo, M.E., 2005. A Pliocene–Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records. Paleoceanography, 20(1):PA1003. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2004PA001071

Lisiecki, L.E., and Raymo, M.E., 2007. Plio–Pleistocene climate evolution: trends and transitions in glacial cycle dynamics. Quaternary Science Reviews, 26(1–2):56–69. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.quascirev.2006.09.005

Liu, W., and Huang, Y., 2005. Compound specific D/H ratios and molecular distributions of higher plant leaf waxes as novel paleoenvironmental indicators in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Organic Geochemistry, 36(6):851–860. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.orggeochem.2005.01.006

Liu, W.T., and Tang, W., 2004. Oceanic influence on the precipitation in India and China as observed by TRMM and QuikSCAT [paper presented at 2nd TRMM International Science Conference, Nara, Japan, 6–10 September 2004]. http://airsea-www.jpl.nasa.gov/​publication/​paper/​Liu-Tang-2004-trmm.pdf

Liu, W.T., and Tang, W., 2005. Estimating moisture transport over oceans using space-based observations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 110(D10):D10101. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2004JD005300

Liu, W.T., Zhang, A., and Bishop, J.K.B., 1994. Evaporation and solar irradiance as regulators of sea surface temperature in annual and interannual changes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 99(C6):12623–12637. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​94JC00604

Liu, X., Liu, Z., Kutzbach, J.E., Clemens, S.C., and Prell, W.L., 2006. Hemispheric insolation forcing of the Indian Ocean and Asian Monsoon: local versus remote impacts. Journal of Climate, 19(23):6195–6208. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1175/​JCLI3965.1

Liu, Z., Colin, C., Huang, W., Le, K.P., Tong, S., Chen, Z., and Trentesaux, A., 2007. Climatic and tectonic controls on weathering in south China and Indochina Peninsula: clay mineralogical and geochemical investigations from the Pearl, Red, and Mekong drainage basins. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 8(5):Q05005. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2006GC001490

Locarnini, R.A., Mishonov, A.V., Antonov, J.I., Boyer, T.P., Garcia, H.E., Baranova, O.K., Zweng, M.M., and Johnson, D.R., 2010. World Ocean Atlas 2009 (Vol. 1): Temperature. In Levitus S. (Ed.), NOAA Atlas NESDIS 68: Washington D.C. (U.S. Government Printing Office). ftp://ftp.nodc.noaa.gov/​pub/​WOA09/​DOC/​woa09_vol1_text_figures.pdf

Loschnigg, J., and Webster, P.J., 2000. A coupled ocean–atmosphere system of SST modulation for the Indian Ocean. Journal of Climate, 13(19):3342–3360. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1175/​1520-0442(2000)013<3342:ACOASO>2.0.CO;2

Mantyla, A.W., and Reid, J.L., 1995. On the origins of deep and bottom waters of the Indian Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 100(C2):2417–2439. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​94JC02564

Mazumdar, A., Peketi, A., Joao, H.M., Dewangan, P., and Ramprasad, T., 2014. Pore-water chemistry of sediment cores off Mahanadi Basin, Bay of Bengal: possible link to deep seated methane hydrate deposit. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 49:162–175. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.marpetgeo.2013.10.011

Mertens, K.N., Ribeiro, S., Bouimetarhan, I., Caner, H., Nebout, N.C., Dale, B., De Vernal, A., Ellegaard, M., Filipova, M., Godhe, A., Goubert, E., Grøsfjeld, K., Holzwarth, U., Kotthoff, U., Leroy, S.A.G., Londeix, L., Marret, F., Matsuoka, K., Mudie, P.J., Naudts, L., Peña-Manjarrez, J.L., Persson, A., Popescu, S.-M., Pospelova, V., Sangiorgi, F., van der Meer, M.T.J., Vink, A., Zonneveld, K.A.F., Vercauteren, D., Vlassenbroeck, J., and Louwye, S., 2009. Process length variation in cysts of a dinoflagellate, Lingulodinium machaerophorum, in surface sediments: investigating its potential as salinity proxy. Marine Micropaleontology, 70(1–2):54–69. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.marmicro.2008.10.004

Molnar, P., 2005. Mio–Pliocene growth of the Tibetan Plateau and evolution of East Asian climate. Palaeontologia Electronica, 8(1):1–23. http://palaeo-electronica.org/​2005_1/​molnar2/​molnar2.pdf

Molnar, P., Boos, W.R., and Battisti, D.S., 2010. Orographic controls on climate and paleoclimate of Asia: thermal and mechanical roles for the Tibetan Plateau. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 38(1):77–102. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1146/​annurev-earth-040809-152456

Moore, W.S., 1997. High fluxes of radium and barium from the mouth of the Ganges-Brahmaputra River during low river discharge suggest a large groundwater source. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 150(1–2):141–150. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​S0012-821X(97)00083-6

Mulitza, S., Prange, M., Stuut, J.-B., Zabel, M., von Dobeneck, T., Itambi, A.C., Nizou, J., Schulz, M., and Wefer, G., 2008. Sahel megadroughts triggered by glacial slowdowns of Atlantic meridional overturning. Paleoceanography, 23(4):PA4206. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2008PA001637

Nicholls, R.J., Wong, P.P., Burkett, V., Codignotto, J., Hay, J., McLean, R., Ragoonaden, S., and Woodroffe, C.D., 2007. Coastal systems and low-lying areas. In Parry, M.L., Canziani, O.F., Palutikof, J.P., van der Linden, P.J., and Hanson, C.E. (Eds.), Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Cambridge (Cambridge University Press), 315–356. https://www.ipcc.ch/​pdf/​assessment-report/​ar4/​wg2/​ar4-wg2-chapter6.pdf

Nürnberg, D., Bijma, J., and Hemleben, C., 1996. Assessing the reliability of magnesium in foraminiferal calcite as a proxy for water mass temperatures. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60(5):803–814. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​0016-7037(95)00446-7

Osborne, A.H., Vance, D., Rohling, E.J., Barton, N., Rogerson, M., and Fello, N., 2008. A humid corridor across the Sahara for the migration of early modern humans out of Africa 120,000 years ago. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(43):16444–16447. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1073/​pnas.0804472105

Padmakumari, V.M., Ahmad, S.M., Dayal, A.M., Rajan, R.S., and Gopalan, K., 2006. Seawater neodymium isotopic composition in the northeast Indian Ocean during the LGM to Holocene: response to glacial and monsoonal weathering in Himalaya-Tibet. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 68:425–432. http://www.geosocindia.org/​Special%20Issue/​Monsoon/​pp425-432.pdf

Pagani, M., Pedentchouk, N., Huber, M., Sluijs, A., Schouten, S., Brinkhuis, H., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Dickens, G.R., and Expedition 302 Scientists, 2006. Arctic hydrology during global warming at the Palaeocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum. Nature, 443(7103):671–675. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1038/​nature05043

Park, S.-C., Sohn, B.-J., and Wang, B., 2007. Satellite assessment of divergent water vapor transport from NCEP, ERA40, and JRA25 reanalyses over the Asian summer monsoon region. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 85(5):615–632. http://dx.doi.org/​10.2151/​jmsj.85.615

Ponton, C., Giosan, L., Eglinton, T.I., Fuller, D.Q., Johnson, J.E., Kumar, P., and Collett, T.S., 2012. Holocene aridification of India. Geophysical Research Letters, 39(3):L3407. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2011GL050722

Powell, C.McA., Roots, S.R., and Veevers, J.J., 1988. Pre-breakup continental extension in East Gondwanaland and the early opening of the eastern Indian Ocean. Tectonophysics, 155(1–4):261–283. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​0040-1951(88)90269-7

Prell, W.L., Murray, D.W., Clemens, S.C., and Anderson, D.M., 1992. Evolution and variability of the Indian Ocean summer monsoon: evidence from the western Arabian Sea drilling program. In Duncan, R.A. (Ed.), The Indian Ocean: A Synthesis of Results from the Ocean Drilling Program. American Geophysical Union, 70:447–469.

Quade, J., and Cerling, T.E., 1995. Expansion of C4 grasses in the late Miocene of northern Pakistan: evidence from stable isotopes in paleosols. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 115(1–4):91–116. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​0031-0182(94)00108-K

Rahaman, W., Singh, S.K., Sinha, R., and Tandon, S.K., 2009. Climate control on erosion distribution over the Himalaya during the past ~100 ka. Geology, 37(6):559–562. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1130/​G25425A.1

Randall, D.A., Wood, R.A., Bony, S., Colman, R., Fichefet, T., Fyfe, J., Kattsov, V., Pitman, A., Shukla, J., Srinivasan, J., Stouffer, R.J., Sumi, A., and Taylor, K.E., 2007. Climate models and their evaluation. In Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tingor, M., and Miller, H.L. (Eds.), Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Cambridge (Cambridge University Press), 589–662. http://www.ipcc.ch/​pdf/​assessment-report/​ar4/​wg1/​ar4-wg1-chapter8.pdf

Rao, Z., Zhu, Z., Jia, G., Henderson, A.C.G., Xue, Q., and Wang, S., 2009. Compound specific δD values of long chain n-alkanes derived from terrestrial higher plants are indicative of the δD of meteoric waters: evidence from surface soils in eastern China. Organic Geochemistry, 40(8):922–930. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.orggeochem.2009.04.011

Rashid, H., England, E., Thompson, L., and Polyak, L., 2010. Late glacial to Holocene Indian summer monsoon variability based upon sediment records taken from the Bay of Bengal. Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 22(2):215–228. http://dx.doi.org/​10.3319/​TAO.2010.09.17.02(TibXS)

Rashid, H., Flower, B.P., Poore, R.Z., and Quinn, T.M., 2007. A ~25 ka Indian Ocean monsoon variability record from the Andaman Sea. Quaternary Science Reviews, 26(19–21):2586–2597. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.quascirev.2007.07.002

Rodriguez, M., Chamot-Rooke, N., Huchon, P., Fournier, M., and Delescluse, M., 2014. The Owen Ridge uplift in the Arabian Sea: implications for the sedimentary record of Indian monsoon in late Miocene. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 394:1–12. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.epsl.2014.03.011

Royer, J.-Y., Peirce, J.W., and Weissel, J.K., 1991. Tectonic constraints on the hotspot formation of the Ninetyeast Ridge. In Weissel, J., Peirce, J., Taylor, E., Alt, J., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 121: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 763–776. http://dx.doi.org/​10.2973/​odp.proc.sr.121.122.1991

Ruddiman, W.F., 2006. What is the timing of orbital-scale monsoon changes? Quaternary Science Reviews, 25(7–8):657–658. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.quascirev.2006.02.004

Ryan, W.B.F., Carbotte, S.M., Coplan, J.O., O’Hara, S., Melkonian, A., Arko, R., Weissel, R.A., Ferrini, V., Goodwillie, A., Nitsche, F., Bonczkowski, J., and Zemsky, R., 2009. Global multi-resolution topography synthesis. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 10(3):Q03014. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2008GC002332

Sachse, D., Radke, J., and Gleixner, G., 2004. Hydrogen isotope ratios of recent lacustrine sedimentary n-alkanes record modern climate variability. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68(23):4877–4889. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.gca.2004.06.004

Sager, W.W., Paul, C.F., Krishna, K.S., Pringle, M., Eisin, A.E., Frey, F.A., Gopala Rao, D., and Levchenko, O., 2010. Large fault fabric of the Ninetyeast Ridge implies near-spreading ridge formation. Geophysical Research Letters, 37(17):L17304. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2010GL044347

Sauer, P.E., Eglinton, T.I., Hayes, J.M., Schimmelmann, A., and Sessions, A.L., 2001. Compound-specific D/H ratios of lipid biomarkers from sediments as a proxy for environmental and climatic conditions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 65(2):213–222. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​S0016-7037(00)00520-2

Schefuß, E., Kuhlmann, H., Mollenhauer, G., Prange, M., and Pätzold, J., 2011. Forcing of wet phases in southeast Africa over the past 17,000 years. Nature, 480(7378):509–512. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1038/​nature10685

Schlitzer, R., 2000. Electronic atlas of WOCE hydrographic and tracer data now available. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 81(5):45. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​00EO00028

Schmittner, A., Galbraith, E.D., Hostetler, S.W., Pedersen, T.F., and Zhang, R., 2007. Large fluctuations of dissolved oxygen in the Indian and Pacific oceans during Dansgaard–Oeschger oscillations caused by variations of North Atlantic Deep Water subduction. Paleoceanography, 22(3):PA3207. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2006PA001384

Schott, F.A., and McCreary, J.P., Jr., 2001. The monsoon circulation of the Indian Ocean. Progress in Oceanography, 51(1):1–123. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​S0079-6611(01)00083-0

Schott, F.A., Xie, S.-P., and McCreary, J.P., Jr., 2009. Indian Ocean circulation and climate variability. Reviews of Geophysics, 47(1):RG1002. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2007RG000245

Schouten, S., Ossebaar, J., Schreiber, K., Kienhuis, M.V.M., Langer, G., Benthien, A., and Bijma, J., 2006. The effect of temperature, salinity and growth rate on the stable hydrogen isotopic composition of long chain alkenones produced by Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica. Biogeosciences, 3(1):113–119. http://dx.doi.org/​10.5194/​bg-3-113-2006

Schulz, H., von Rad, U., and Erlenkeuser, H., 1998. Correlation between Arabian Sea and Greenland climate oscillations of the past 110,000 years. Nature, 393(6680):54–57. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1038/​31750

Scotese, C.R., Gahagan, L.M., and Larson, R.L., 1988. Plate tectonic reconstructions of the Cretaceous and Cenozoic ocean basins. Tectonophysics, 155(1–4):27–48. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​0040-1951(88)90259-4

Shuman, B., Huang, Y., Newby, P., and Wang, Y., 2006. Compound-specific isotopic analyses track changes in seasonal precipitation regimes in the northeastern United States at ca 8200 cal yr BP. Quaternary Science Reviews, 25(21–22):2992–3002. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.quascirev.2006.02.021

Simmonds, I., Bi, D., and Hope, P., 1999. Atmospheric water vapor flux and its association with rainfall over China in summer. Journal of Climate, 12(5):1353–1367. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1175/​1520-0442(1999)012<1353:AWVFAI>2.0.CO;2

Singh, A., Jani, R.A., and Ramesh, R., 2010. Spatiotemporal variations of the δ18O–salinity relation in the northern Indian Ocean. Deep Sea Research, Part I, 57(11):1422–1431. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.dsr.2010.08.002

Singh, A.D., Jung, S.J.A., Darling, K., Ganeshram, R., Ivanochko, T., and Kroon, D., 2011. Productivity collapses in the Arabian Sea during glacial cold phases. Paleoceanography, 26(3):PA3210. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2009PA001923

Singh, R.K., and Gupta, A.K., 2005. Systematic decline in benthic foraminiferal species diversity linked to productivity increases over the last 26 Ma in the Indian Ocean. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 35(3):219–227. http://dx.doi.org/​10.2113/​35.3.219

Singh, S.C., Moeremans, R., McArdle, J., and Johansen, K., 2013. Seismic images of the sliver strike-slip fault and back thrust in the Andaman-Nicobar region. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 118(10):5208–5224. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1002/​jgrb.50378

Sluijs, A., Schouten, S., Pagani, M., Woltering, M., Brinkhuis, H., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Dickens, G.R., Huber, M., Reichart, G.-J., Stein, R., Matthiessen, J., Lourens, L.J., Pedentchouk, N., Backman, J., Moran, K., and the Expedition 302 Scientists, 2006. Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Palaeocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum. Nature, 441(7093):610–613. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1038/​nature04668

Sprovieri, M., d’Alcalà, M.R., Manta, D.S., Bellanca, A., Neri, R., Lirer, F., Taberner, C., Pueyo, J.J., and Sammartino, S., 2008. Ba/Ca evolution in water masses of the Mediterranean late Neogene. Paleoceanography, 23(3):PA3205. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2007PA001469

Sridhar, P.N., Ali, M.M., Vethamony, P., Babu, M.T., Ramana, I.V., and Jayakumar, S., 2008. Seasonal occurrence of unique sediment plume in the Bay of Bengal. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 89(3):22–23. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2008EO030002

Steinke, S., Groeneveld, J., Johnstone, H., and Rendle-Bühring, R., 2010. East Asian summer monsoon weakening after 7.5 Ma: evidence from combined planktonic foraminifera Mg/Ca and δ18O (ODP Site 1146; northern South China Sea). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 289(1–4):33–43. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.palaeo.2010.02.007

Stoll, H.M., Vance, D., and Arevalos, A., 2007. Records of the Nd isotope composition of seawater from the Bay of Bengal: implications for the impact of Northern Hemisphere cooling on ITCZ movement. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 255(1–2):213–228. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.epsl.2006.12.016

Subrahmanyam, V., Subrahmanyam, A.S., Murty, G.P.S., and Murthy, K.S.R., 2008. Morphology and tectonics of Mahanadi Basin, northeastern continental margin of India from geophysical studies. Marine Geology, 253(1–2):63–72. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.margeo.2008.04.007

Sun, X., and Wang, P., 2005. How old is the Asian monsoon system?—Palaeobotanical records from China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 222(3–4):181–222. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.palaeo.2005.03.005

Sun, Y., Clemens, S.C., Morrill, C., Lin, X., Wang, X., and An, Z., 2011. Influence of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation on the East Asian winter monsoon. Nature Geoscience, 5(1):46–49. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1038/​ngeo1326

Thomas, D.J., Bralower, T.J., and Jones, C.E., 2003. Neodymium isotopic reconstruction of late Paleocene–early Eocene thermohaline circulation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 209(3–4):309–322. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​S0012-821X(03)00096-7

Tierney, J.E., Russell, J.M., Huang, Y., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Hopmans, E.C., and Cohen, A.S., 2008. Northern Hemisphere controls on tropical southeast African climate during the past 60,000 years. Science, 322(5899):252–255. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1126/​science.1160485

Tomczak, M., and Godfrey, J.S., 2003. Regional Oceanography: An Introduction (2nd ed.): Delhi (Daya Publishing House).

Tripathy, G.R., Singh, S.K., Bhushan, R., and Ramaswamy, V., 2011. Sr–Nd isotope composition of the Bay of Bengal sediments: impact of climate on erosion in the Himalaya. Geochemical Journal, 45(3):175–186. http://dx.doi.org/​10.2343/​geochemj.1.0112

Varkey, M.J., Murty, V.S.N., and Suryanarayana, A., 1996. Physical oceanography of the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea. Oceanography and Marine Biology, 34:1–70. http://drs.nio.org/​drs/​handle/​2264/​2276

Vasiliev, I., Reichart, G.-J., and Krijgsman, W., 2013. Impact of the Messinian Salinity Crisis on Black Sea hydrology—insights from hydrogen isotopes analysis on biomarkers. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 362:272–282. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.epsl.2012.11.038

Wajsowicz, R.C., and Schopf, P.S., 2001. Oceanic influences on the seasonal cycle in evaporation over the Indian Ocean. Journal of Climate, 14(6):1199–1226. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1175/​1520-0442(2001)014<1199:OIOTSC>2.0.CO;2

Wan, S., Li, A., Clift, P.D., and Jiang, H., 2006. Development of the East Asian summer monsoon: evidence from the sediment record in the South China Sea since 8.5 Ma. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 241(1):139–159. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.palaeo.2006.06.013

Wan, S., Li, A., Clift, P.D., and Stuut, J.-B.W., 2007. Development of the East Asian monsoon: mineralogical and sedimentologic records in the northern South China Sea since 20 Ma. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 254(3–4):561–582. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.palaeo.2007.07.009

Wan, S., Kürschner, W.M., Clift, P.D., Li, A., and Li, T., 2009. Extreme weathering/erosion during the Miocene Climatic Optimum: evidence from sediment record in the South China Sea. Geophysical Research Letters, 36(19):L19706. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2009GL040279

Wang, P., Clemens, S., Beaufort, L., Braconnot, P., Ganssen, G., Jian, Z., Kershaw, P., and Sarnthein, M., 2005. Evolution and variability of the Asian monsoon system: state of the art and outstanding issues. Quaternary Science Review, 24(5–6):595–629. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.quascirev.2004.10.002

Wang, Y.J., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., An, Z.S., Wu, J.Y., Shen, C.-C., and Dorale, J.A., 2001. A high-resolution absolute-dated late Pleistocene monsoon record from Hulu Cave, China. Science, 294(5580):2345–2348. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1126/​science.1064618

Wang, Y., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Kong, X., Shao, X., Chen, S., Wu, J., Jiang, X., Wang, X., and An, Z., 2008. Millennial- and orbital-scale changes in the East Asian monsoon over the past 224,000 years. Nature, 451(7182):1090–1093. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1038/​nature06692

Webster, P.J., 1987a. The elementary monsoon. In Fein, J.S., and Stephens, P.L. (Eds.), Monsoons: New York (Wiley), 3–32.

Webster, P.J., 1987b. The variable and interactive monsoon. In Fein, J.S., and Stephens, P.L. (Eds.), Monsoons: New York (Wiley), 269–330.

Webster, P.J., 1994. The role of hydrological processes in ocean-atmosphere interactions. Reviews of Geophysics, 32(4):427–476. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​94RG01873

Webster, P.J., Magaña, V.O., Palmer, T.N., Tomas, R.A., Shukla, J., Yanai, M., and Yasunari, T., 1998. Monsoons: processes, predictability, and the prospects for prediction. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 103(C7):14451–14510. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​97JC02719

Weldeab, S., Lea, D.W., Schneider, R.R., and Andersen, N., 2007a. Centennial scale climate instabilities in a wet early Holocene West African monsoon. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(24):L24702. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2007GL031898

Weldeab, S., Lea, D.W., Schneider, R.R., and Andersen, N., 2007b. 155,000 years of West African monsoon and ocean thermal evolution. Science, 316(5829):1303–1307. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1126/​science.1140461

Wyrtki, K., 1971. Oceanographic Atlas of the International Ocean Expedition. National Science Foundation.

Xie, P., and Arkin, P.A., 1997. Global precipitation: a 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 78(11):2539–2558. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1175/​1520-0477(1997)078<2539:GPAYMA>2.0.CO;2

Xu, J., Kuhnt, W., Holbourn, A., Andersen, N., and Bartoli, G., 2006. Changes in the vertical profile of the Indonesian Throughflow during Termination II: evidence from the Timor Sea. Paleoceanography, 21(4):PA4202. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2006PA001278

Yancheva, G., Nowaczyk, N.R., Mingram, J., Dulski, P., Schettler, G., Negendank, J.F.W., Liu, J., Sigman, D.M., Peterson, L.C., and Haug, G.H., 2007. Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East Asian monsoon. Nature, 445(7123):74–77. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1038/​nature05431

You, Y., and Tomczak, M., 1993. Thermocline circulation and ventilation in the Indian Ocean derived from water mass analysis. Deep Sea Research, Part I, 40(1):13–56. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​0967-0637(93)90052-5

Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., and Billups, K., 2001. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science, 292(5517):686–693. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1126/​science.1059412

Zachos, J.C., Flower, B.P., and Paul, H., 1997. Orbitally paced climate oscillations across the Oligocene/Miocene boundary. Nature, 388(6642):567–570. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1038/​41528

Zhu, Y., and Newell, R.E., 1998. A proposed algorithm for moisture fluxes from atmospheric rivers. Monthly Weather Review, 126(3):725–735. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1175/​1520-0493(1998)126<0725:APAFMF>2.0.CO;2

Ziegler, M., Lourens, L.J., Tuenter, E., Hilgen, F., Reichart, G.-J., and Weber, N., 2010. Precession phasing offset between Indian summer monsoon and Arabian Sea productivity linked to changes in Atlantic overturning circulation. Paleoceanography, 25(3):PA3213. http://dx.doi.org/​10.1029/​2009PA001884