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doi:10.2204/iodp.proc.329.203.2015

Appendix

Taxonomic notes and floral references

Taxonomic references for all species and varieties of diatoms (Bacillariophyta) identified from the Expedition 329 Hole U1371D sediments are listed below and shown in Plates P1–P14. The authority of each species is given as well as several good references that describe and illustrate the particular taxon collected around the Antarctic Ocean.

Actinocyclus actinochilus (Ehrenberg) Simonsen (1982), pp. 101–116, pls. 1–4; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 699, pl. 12, figs. 9–11; Tanimura (1992), pp. 405, 407, figs. 3-2, 5-3; Mahood and Barron (1996b), p. 288, pl. 7, fig. 22; Bohaty et al. (1998), pl. 3, figs. 6, 8; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 3, pl. P21, fig. 8; pl. P26, fig. 2; pl. P33, fig. 1; Suto et al. (2013), p. 32, pl. P1, figs. 1, 2 (no illustrations).

Basionym: Coscinodiscus actinochilus Ehrenberg (1844a), p. 200; Ehrenberg (1854), pl. 35A, figs. XXI-5.

Synonym: Charcotia actinochilus (Ehrenberg) Hustedt (1958), pp. 122–126, pl. 7, figs. 57–80; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 771, pl. 5, fig. 5; Gombos (1977), p. 592, pl. 1, fig. 8; Akiba (1982a), p. 42, pl. 3, figs. 7–10.

Actinocyclus curvatulus Janisch in Schmidt et al. (1874–1959), pl. 57, fig. 31; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 763, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2; Akiba (1982a), pp. 41, 42, pl. 5, figs. 5a, 5b; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 699, pl. 12, fig. 12; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 253, pl. 3, fig. 1; Suto et al. (2013), p. 32, pl. P1, figs. 3–14 (Pl. P2, figs. 1, 2).

Actinocyclus ellipticus Grunow in Van Heurck (1880–1885), pl. 124, fig. 10; Schrader (1973), p. 701, pl. 8, figs. 7–9, 11–14, 16, 17; Akiba (1986), p. 441, pl. 16, fig. 5; Ciesielski (1986), p. 875, pl. 5, fig. 8 (Pl. P2, figs. 3, 4).

Actinocyclus ingens f. ingens (Rattray) Whiting et Schrader (1985a), p. 74, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2; pl. 2, figs. 4–10; pl. 3, fig. 13 (Pl. P1, figs. 1, 2).

Synonym: Actinocyclus ingens Rattray (1890a), p. 149, pl. 11, fig. 7; Akiba (1982a), p. 42, pl. 5, figs. 7–14; Akiba (1986), p. 442, pl. 16, figs. 6, 9; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 700, pl. 8, fig. 10; pl. 11, figs. 4, 6; pl. 12, fig. 8; Mahood and Barron (1996b), p. 288, pl. 3, figs. 1a–4; pl. 7, figs. 20a–21; Bohaty et al. (1998), pl. 3, fig. 7; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 3, pl. P15, fig. 3; pl. P29, figs. 1, 4; Suto et al. (2013), p. 32, pl. P1, figs. 15, 16.

Actinocyclus ingens f. nodus (Baldauf) Whiting et Schrader (1985a), p. 74, pl. 1, fig. 3; pl. 2, fig. 11; pl. 3, fig. 14 (no illustrations).

Synonym: Actinocyclus ingens var. nodus Baldauf in Baldauf et Barron (1980), p. 104, pl. 1, figs. 5–9; Ciesielski (1986), p. 875, pl. 1, figs. 8, 9; Gersonde (1990), p. 792, pl. 1, fig. 6; pl. 3, figs. 4–7; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 350, pl. 1, fig. 4.

Actinocyclus ingens var. ovalis Gersonde (1990), p. 792, pl. 1, fig. 7; pl. 3, figs. 1–3; pl. 5, figs. 4, 7; pl. 6, figs. 1, 4, 5; Gersonde and Burckle (1990), p. 779, pl. 5, fig. 4; Baldauf and Barron (1991), p. 585, pl. 5, fig. 1; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 350, pl. 1, figs. 6, 8; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 3, pl. P15, fig. 5; Bohaty et al. (2003), p. 16, pl. P1, figs. 2, 3 (Pl. P1, figs. 27, 28).

Synonym: Hemidiscus ovalis (Gersonde) Harwood et Maruyama (1992), p. 703, pl. 11, fig. 2; pl. 12, figs. 1–3.

Actinocyclus karstenii Van Heurck (1909), p. 44, pl. 12, fig. 158; Harwood (1986), p. 84, pl. 8, figs. 8–10; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 700, pl. 13, figs. 1, 2, 6–8, 10, 11, 13; Mahood and Barron (1996b), p. 288, pl. 3, fig. 5; Bohaty et al. (1998), pl. 3, figs. 4, 5; Harwood et al. (2000), p. 459, figs. 7j, 7k; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 350, pl. 1, fig. 5; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 3, pl. P20, figs. 5–8; pl. P24, fig. 8; pl. P26, fig. 1; pl. P27, fig. 9; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 253, pl. 3, figs. 4, 5, 7–9, 12 (Pl. P2, figs. 5, 6).

Synonym: Actinocyclus fryxellae Barron in Baldauf et Barron (1991), pl. 1, figs. 1, 2, 4.

Actinocyclus octonarius (Ehrenberg) Kützing (1844), p. 134, pl. 21, fig. 25; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 3, pl. P20, fig. 3; Arney et al. (2003), p. 8, pl. P3, fig. 2 (no illustrations).

Actinocyclus sp. A (Pl. P2, figs. 7, 8).

Actinoptychus senarius (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg (1843), p. 298, 301, 322, 328, 437, 438, 443; pl. I/I, fig. 27; pl. I/III, fig. 21; pl. III/VII, fig. 1; Akiba (1986), p. 447, pl. 29, fig. 2; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 350, pl. 5, fig. 11; Suto et al. (2013), p. 35, pl. P5, figs. 1–10 (Pl. P2, figs. 9, 10).

Basionym: Actinocyclus senarius Ehrenberg (1837), p. 61.

Actinoptychus vulgaris Schumann (1867), p. 64; Akiba (1986), p. 447, pl. 29, fig. 1 (Pl. P2, figs. 11, 12).

Asterolampra spp. (Pl. P2, figs. 13, 14).

Asteromphalus hyalinus Karsten (1905), p. 90, pl. 8, fig. 15; Schrader (1976), p. 630, pl. 8, fig. 7; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 769, pl. 4, figs. 17–19; Akiba (1982a), p. 42, pl. 1, fig. 4; Suto et al. (2013), p. 32, pl. P1, figs. 35, 36 (no illustrations).

Asteromphalus kennettii Gersonde (1990), p. 793, pl. 2, fig. 1; pl. 6, fig. 2; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 701, pl. 11, fig. 3; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 350, pl. 1, fig. 2 (Pl. P3, figs. 1, 2).

Synonym: Asteromphalus sp. 1 of Ciesielski (1983), p. 655, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2, 6, 9.

Asteromphalus oligocenicus Schrader et Fenner (1976), pp. 965, 966, pl. 21, figs. 8, 13, 14; pl. 28, fig. 1; Gombos and Ciesielski (1983), p. 600, pl. 5, figs. 5–7; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 701, pl. 4, fig. 17; pl. 5, fig. 5; Arney et al. (2003), p. 8, pl. P4, fig. 1 (Pl. P3, figs. 3, 4).

Synonym: Asterolampra sp. 2 of Schrader (1976), p. 630, pl. 8, fig. 2.

Asteromphalus parvulus Karsten (1905), p. 90, pl. 8, fig. 14; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 769, pl. 4, figs. 20, 21; Schrader (1976), p. 630, pl. 8, fig. 6; Akiba (1982a), p. 42, pl. 1, figs. 3, 5, 6; Koizumi (1982), p. 79, pl. 1, fig. 13; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 701, pl. 19, figs. 1, 2 (Pl. P3, figs. 5, 6).

Synonym: Asteromphalus symmetricus of Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 701, pl. 4, fig. 18.

Asteromphalus spp. (Pl. P3, figs. 7, 8).

Aulacoseira granulata (Ehrenberg) Simonsen (1979), p. 58; Akiba (1986), p. 448, pl. 29, figs. 6–9; Suto et al. (2013), p. 36, pl. P9, figs. 1–8 (no illustrations).

Basionym: Gaillonella granulata Ehrenberg (1843), p. 415.

Synonym: Melosira granulata (Ehrenberg) Ralfs in Pritchard (1861), p. 820.

Azpeitia endoi (Kanaya) Sims et Fryxell in Fryxell et al. (1986), p. 16; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 4, pl. P21, figs. 6, 7 (Pl. P4, figs. 1, 2).

Basionym: Coscinodiscus endoi Kanaya (1959), pp. 76, 77, pl. 3, figs. 8–11; McCollum (1975), p. 527, pl. 4, figs. 5, 6; Schrader (1976), p. 630, pl. 11, figs. 4, 8–10, 12; Gombos (1977), p. 593, pl. 2, figs. 6, 7; pl. 5, fig. 3; Akiba (1986), p. 442, pl. 2, fig. 2.

Synonym: Azpeitia endoi Kanaya of Arney et al. (2003), p. 8, pl. P3, fig. 5.

Azpeitia tabularis (Grunow) Fryxell et Sims in Fryxell et al. (1986), p. 16, figs. 14-1A–14-3B, 15-1A–15-4B, 30-1; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 701, pl. 11, fig. 5; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 350, pl. 1, fig. 7; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 4, pl. P21, fig. 4; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 255, pl. 3, fig. 2 (Pl. P4, figs. 3, 4).

Basionym: Coscinodiscus tabularis Grunow (1884), p. 34 (86); Schrader (1976), p. 631, pl. 11, fig. 5; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 774, pl. 7, figs. 10–13; Akiba (1982a), p. 42, pl. 2, figs. 6–9; Koizumi (1982), p. 80, pl. 2, fig. 10.

Azpeitia tabularis var. egregius (Rattray) Desikachary et al. (1987), pp. 4, 5, pl. 115, fig. 8; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 255, pl. 3, fig. 6 (no illustrations).

Basionym: Coscinodiscus egregius Rattray (1890b), p. 518, sl. no. 934.

Synonym: Coscinodiscus tabularis var. egregius (Rattray) Hustedt (1927–1930), p. 428, fig. 230b; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 774, pl. 7, figs. 8, 9; Akiba (1986), p. 442, pl. 2, figs. 3, 4.

Azpeitia vetustissima (Pantocsek) Sims in Fryxell et al. (1986), p. 16 (Pl. P4, figs. 5–7).

Basionym: Coscinodiscus vetustissimus Pantocsek (1886), p. 73, pl. 20, fig. 186; McCollum (1975), p. 534, pl. 6, figs. 4–7; Schrader (1976), p. 631, pl. 11, fig. 11; Gombos (1977), p. 593, pl. 27, fig. 2.

Bacteriastrum spp. (Pl. P4, figs. 8–10).

Biddulphia spp. (Pl. P4, figs. 11, 12).

Bogorovia gombosii (Desikachary) Yanagisawa (1995), p. 27, figs. 4-1, 4-2, 5-1, 5-2 (Pl. P4, figs. 13, 14).

Basionym: Rossiella gombosii Desikachary in Desikachary et al. (1984), p. 338.

Synonym: Bogorovia veniamini Jousé of Schrader (1976), p. 630, pl. 5, figs. 22, 23; Gombos (1977), p. 593, pl. 1, fig. 6, 7; pl. 12, figs. 2, 4; Rossiella sp. of Gombos and Ciesielski (1983), p. 604, pl. 24, figs. 1, 2.

Cavitatus jouseanus (Sheshukova-Poretzkaya) Williams (1989), p. 360; Akiba et al. (1993), p. 20, 22, figs. 6-19, 6-20; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 350, pl. 5, fig. 12; Arney et al. (2003), p. 8, pl. P2, fig. 1 (no illustrations).

Basionym: Synedra jouseana Sheshukova-Poretzkaya (1962), p. 208, fig. 4; Sheshukova-Poretzkaya (1967), p. 245, pl. 42, figs. 4a, 4b; pl. 43, figs. 12a, 12b; Schrader (1973), p. 710, pl. 23, figs. 21–23, 25, 38; McCollum (1975), p. 536, pl. 13, fig. 5; Gombos (1977), p. 598, pl. 12, fig. 7; Gombos and Ciesielski (1983), p. 605, pl. 24, figs. 3–7; Akiba (1986), p. 445, pl. 21, fig. 9; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 706, pl. 11, figs. 8, 9.

Cestodiscus reticulatus Fenner (1984), p. 331, pl. 1, fig. 10; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 701, pl. 3, fig. 4 (no illustrations).

Chaetoceros spp. (vegetative cells) (Pl. P4, figs. 15, 16).

Cocconeis californica (Grunow in Cleve et Möller) Grunow in Van Heurck (1880–1885), pl. 30, figs. 8, 9; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 4, pl. P6, fig. 11 (Pl. P4, figs. 17, 18).

Cocconeis placentula Ehrenberg (1838), p. 194; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 771, pl. 11, fig. 13; Suto et al. (2013), p. 35, pl. P6, figs. 11–20; pl. P11, figs. 7, 8 (Pl. P4, figs. 19, 20).

Cocconeis scutellum Ehrenberg (1838), p. 194, pl. 14, fig. 8; Akiba (1986), p. 447, pl. 30, figs. 3, 11 (no illustrations).

Cocconeis sp. B of Suto et al. (2013), p. 35, pl. P6, figs. 32–39; pl. P11, fig. 4 (Pl. P4, figs. 21–24).

Cocconeis spp. (no illustrations).

Coscinodiscus asteromphalus Ehrenberg (1844b), p. 77; Arney et al. (2003), p. 8, pl. P3, fig. 3; Suto et al. (2013), p. 32, pl. P2, figs. 1, 2 (no illustrations).

Coscinodiscus marginatus Ehrenberg (1843), p. 412 (124); McCollum (1975), p. 527, pl. 16, figs. 2, 3; Schrader (1976), p. 631, pl. 10, fig. 3; pl. 12, fig. 2; Gombos (1977), p. 593, pl. 5, fig. 5; Akiba (1982a), p. 42, pl. 1, fig. 8; Akiba (1986), p. 442, pl. 1, figs. 1–4; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 5, pl. P30, fig. 2; pl. P31, fig. 5; Arney et al. (2003), p. 8, pl. P1, fig. 1; Suto et al. (2013), p. 32, pl. P2, figs. 3, 4 (Pl. P5, figs. 1, 2).

Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehrenberg (1840b), p. 68 (148), pl. 3, figs. 1a–1c; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 774, pl. 7, fig. 1; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 5, pl. P22, fig. 1; Suto et al. (2013), p. 32, pl. P2, figs. 5, 6 (Pl. P5, figs. 3, 4).

Costopyxis trochlea (Hanna) Strelnikova in Gleser et al. (1988), p. 51, pl. 32, figs. 17, 18; Scherer and Koç (1996), p. 86, pl. 8, figs. 8–10; Gladenkov (1998), pl. 1, figs. 11a, 11b; Tsoy (2003), pl. 2, fig. 12; Suto et al. (2009), p. 261, pl. 3, figs. 24–37 (Pl. P5, figs. 5–8).

Basionym: Trochosira trochlea Hanna (1927), p. 123, pl. 21, figs. 8, 9.

Synonym: See Suto et al. (2009).

Crucidenticula kanayae var. kanayae Akiba et Yanagisawa (1986), p. 486, pl. 1, figs. 3–8; pl. 3, figs. 1–6, 9, 10; Gersonde and Burckle (1990), p. 780, pl. 3, figs. 11, 12; Yanagisawa and Akiba (1990), p. 229, pl. 1, figs. 33–35, 39; pl. 8, figs. 14–17; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 702, pl. 7, fig. 5; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), pp. 350, 351, pl. 2, figs. 35, 36 (Pl. P5, figs. 9, 10).

Synonym: See Yanagisawa and Akiba (1990).

Crucidenticula nicobarica (Grunow) Akiba et Yanagisawa (1986), p. 486, pl. 1, fig. 9; pl. 2, figs. 1–7; pl. 5, figs. 1–9; Baldauf and Barron (1991), p. 588, pl. 7, fig. 8; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 351, pl. 2, figs. 25, 26; Arney et al. (2003), p. 8, pl. P1, fig. 13 (Pl. P5, figs. 11, 12).

Basionym: Denticula nicobarica Grunow (1868), p. 97, pl. 1a, figs. 5a, 5b.

Synonym: See Yanagisawa and Akiba (1990).

Cyclotella pantanelliana Castracane (1886b), p. 171; Suto et al. (2013), p. 38, pl. P9, figs. 9–18 (Pl. P5, figs. 13–16).

Cyclotella striata (Kützing) Grunow in Cleve et Grunow (1880), p. 119; Akiba (1986), p. 442, pl. 4, figs. 8–10 (no illustrations).

Basionym: Coscinodiscus striatus Kützing (1844), p. 131, pl. 1, fig. 8.

Cyclotella sp. A (no illustrations).

Cymatosira sp. (Pl. P5, figs. 17–19).

Denticulopsis crassa Yanagisawa et Akiba (1990), pp. 248, 249, pl. 3, figs. 21–27; pl. 12, figs. 1–8; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 351, pl. 2, fig. 12; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 5, pl. P1, figs. 15–18 (Pl. P5, figs. 20–22).

Synonym: See Yanagisawa and Akiba (1990).

Denticulopsis dimorpha (Schrader) Simonsen (1979), p. 64; Akiba (1982a), pl. 11, figs. 1, 5, 6a; Akiba (1986), p. 442, pl. 27, figs. 3, 4, 7–9, 11–13; Akiba and Yanagisawa (1986), p. 488, pl. 15, figs. 2–4, 17, 18, 20, 23–25; Ciesielski (1986), p. 876, pl. 2, figs. 5–8; Baldauf and Barron (1991), p. 588, pl. 7, fig. 4; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 702, pl. 6, figs. 5–7; pl. 7, fig. 10; pl. 9, figs. 5–9, 15–18, 22, 23; pl. 10, figs. 5, 6, 12, 14; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 351, pl. 2, figs. 8–11 (Pl. P5, figs. 23–26).

Basionym: Denticula dimorpha Schrader (1973), p. 704, pl. 1, figs. 37–44, 46.

Synonym: See Yanagisawa and Akiba (1990).

Denticulopsis katayamae Maruyama (1984), pp. 158, 159, pl. 12, figs. 1a–6; pl. 17, figs. 1–13, 15, 16, 18–23; Akiba (1986), p. 443, pl. 28, figs. 1–4; Akiba and Yanagisawa (1986), p. 489, pl. 17, figs. 1–3, 6; pl. 19, figs. 6–9; pl. 20, figs. 1, 4, 5, 7; Yanagisawa and Akiba (1990), pp. 245, 246, pl. 3, figs. 12, 13, 28; pl. 11, fig. 4 (Pl. P5, figs. 27–30).

Synonym: See Yanagisawa and Akiba (1990).

Denticulopsis lauta (Bailey) Simonsen (1979), p. 64; Maruyama (1984), pl. 14, figs. 1a–8b; pl. 16, figs. 9, 10; Akiba (1986), p. 443, pl. 26, fig. 15; Akiba and Yanagisawa (1986), p. 489, pl. 7, fig. 29; pl. 9, figs. 2–9; Yanagisawa and Akiba (1990), pp. 235, 236, pl. 2, figs. 6–8, 15; pl. 5, figs. 1–3; pl. 9, fig. 1; Baldauf and Barron (1991), p. 588, pl. 7, fig. 3 (Pl. P5, figs. 31, 32).

Basionym: Denticula? lauta Bailey (1854), p. 9, figs. 1, 2.

Synonym: See Yanagisawa and Akiba (1990).

Denticulopsis maccollumii Simonsen (1979), p. 65; Gersonde and Burckle (1990), p. 780, pl. 5, figs. 7–9; Yanagisawa and Akiba (1990), pp. 264, 265, pl. 2, figs. 39–41; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 702, pl. 6, fig. 22; pl. 7, fig. 17; pl. 9, fig. 27; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 351, pl. 2, figs. 32–34; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 6, pl. P3, fig. 10; Arney et al. (2003), p. 8, pl. P1, fig. 9 (Pl. P5, figs. 33–38).

Synonym: See Yanagisawa and Akiba (1990).

Denticulopsis ovata (Schrader) Yanagisawa et Akiba (1990), pp. 257, 258, pl. 6, figs. 6–14, 24–32; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 351, pl. 2, figs. 13–20; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 6, pl. P1, fig. 20 (Pl. P6, figs. 1–6).

Basionym: Denticula hustedtii var. ovata Schrader (1976), p. 632, pl. 4, figs. 5, 6, 12, 14, 15.

Synonym: See Yanagisawa and Akiba (1990), Censarek and Gersonde (2002), and Iwai and Winter (2002).

Denticulopsis simonsenii Yanagisawa et Akiba (1990), pp. 242, 243, pl. 3, figs. 1–3; pl. 11, figs. 1, 5; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 351, pl. 2, figs. 21–24; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 6, pl. P1, figs. 1–6; pl. P28, figs. 1, 2 (Pl. P6, figs. 7–12).

Synonym: See Yanagisawa and Akiba (1990).

Denticulopsis vulgaris (Okuno) Yanagisawa et Akiba (1990), pp. 243, 244, pl. 3, figs. 4–8; pl. 11, figs. 2, 6–10; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 6, pl. P1, figs. 7, 8 (Pl. P6, figs. 13–16).

Synonym: See Yanagisawa and Akiba (1990).

Diploneis bombus Ehrenberg (1844b), p. 84; Akiba (1986), p. 447, pl. 30, figs. 5, 13; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 351, pl. 5, fig. 3; Suto et al. (2013), p. 35, pl. P7, figs. 1–6 (Pl. P6, figs. 17, 18).

Diploneis spp. (no illustrations).

Discostella stelligera (Cleve et Grunow) Houk et Klee (2004), p. 208; Suto et al. (2013), p. 36, pl. P9, figs. 31–44 (Pl. P6, figs. 19, 20).

Basionym: Cyclotella meneghiniana var. stelligera Cleve et Grunow in Cleve (1881), p. 22, pl. 5, figs. 63a, 63c.

Synonym: Cyclotella stelligera (Cleve et Grunow in Cleve) Van Heurck (1880–1885), pl. 94, figs. 22–26.

Distephanosira architecturalis (Brun) Gleser in Gleser et al. (1992), p. 68, pl. 56, figs. 1–9 (Pl. P6, figs. 21, 22).

Basionym: Melosira architecturalis Brun in Schmidt et al. (1874–1959), pl. 177, figs. 45–50; Gombos (1977), p. 595, pl. 26, figs. 5–7.

Eucampia antarctica (Castracane) Mangin (1915), p. 58, figs. 41, 42; pl. 1, fig. 1; Hasle and Syvertsen (1990), pl. 16.1, figs. 7–13; Mahood and Barron (1996b), p. 290, pl. 1, figs. 1–3; pl. 7, figs. 1, 2; Harwood et al. (2000), p. 459, figs. 7r, 7s; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 6, pl. P7, fig. 12; pl. P27, fig. 6; Suto et al. (2013), p. 32, pl. P1, figs. 37, 38 (Pl. P6, figs. 23–26).

Synonym: Eucampia balaustium Castracane (1886a), p. 97, pl. 18, fig. 5; McCollum (1975), p. 534, pl. 16, figs. 8, 9; Schrader (1976), p. 632, pl. 14, fig. 7; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 774, pl. 5, figs. 7–9; Gombos (1977), p. 593, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2; pl. 11, fig. 1; Akiba (1982a), p. 43, pl. 6, figs. 1–9; Koizumi (1982), p. 80, pl. 1, fig. 12; Tanimura (1992), p. 407, fig. 3-13.

Eucampia spp. (no illustrations).

Fragilariopsis aurica (Gersonde) Gersonde et Bárcena (1998), p. 92; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 351, pl. 3, figs. 9–12; Iwai and Winter (2002), pp. 6, 7, pl. P4, figs. 24–28; pl. P25, fig. 2; pl. P28, fig. 7; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 257, pl. 1, figs. 13–15 (Pl. P6, figs. 27–30).

Basionym: Nitzschia aurica Gersonde (1991), pp. 144–146, pl. 1, figs. 18–25; pl. 3, fig. 5; pl. 4, figs. 5, 6; pl. 7, fig. 6; Gersonde and Burckle (1990), p. 780, pl. 2, figs. 10–12; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 704, pl. 17, figs. 21–23.

Fragilariopsis barronii (Gersonde) Gersonde et Bárcena (1998), p. 92; Harwood et al. (2000), p. 459, fig. 10m; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 7, pl. P25, fig. 3; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 257, pl. 1, figs. 29–31; Suto et al. (2013), p. 32, pl. P3, figs. 1–4 (Pl. P1, figs. 17, 18).

Basionym: Nitzschia barronii Gersonde (1991), pp. 146, 147, pl. 3, fig. 6; pl. 4, figs. 1–3; pl. 5, figs. 7–17; Gersonde and Burckle (1990), p. 780, pl. 1, figs. 11–13; Baldauf and Barron (1991), p. 589, pl. 7, fig. 14; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 704, pl. 17, figs. 27, 28; Mahood and Barron (1996b), p. 290, pl. 2, figs. 3a–4; pl. 7, figs. 16, 17.

Fragilariopsis barronii/kerguelensis transitional form of Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 257, pl. 1, figs. 25–28; Suto et al. (2013), p. 32, pl. P3, figs. 5–10 (no illustrations).

Fragilariopsis curta (Van Heurck) Hustedt (1958), p. 160, pl. 11, figs. 140–144; pl. 12, fig. 159; Hasle (1965), pp. 32, 33, pl. 6, fig. 6; pl. 12, figs. 2–5; pl. 13, figs. 1–6; pl. 16, fig. 6; pl. 17, fig. 5; Bohaty et al. (1998), pl. 4, fig. 3; Harwood et al. (2000), p. 459, fig. 10l (Pl. P6, figs. 31–38).

Basionym: Fragilaria curta Van Heurck (1909), p. 24, pl. 3, fig. 37.

Synonym: Nitzschia curta (Van Heurck) Hasle (1972a), p. 115; Schrader (1976), p. 633, pl. 5, figs. 21, 23, 24; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 775, pl. 4, figs. 5–9; Akiba (1982a), p. 44, pl. 10, figs. 1–2b; Koizumi (1982), p. 80, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 704, pl. 17, figs. 1–4; Tanimura (1992), p. 407, figs. 4-17–4-23.

Fragilariopsis cylindrica (Burckle) Censarek et Gersonde (2002), pp. 349, 350; Suto et al. (2013), p. 32, pl. P3, figs. 11–16 (Pl. P6, figs. 39–42).

Basionym: Nitzschia cylindrica Burckle (1972), p. 239, pl. 2, figs. 1–6; Gersonde and Burckle (1990), p. 780, pl. 1, fig. 27; Baldauf and Barron (1991), p. 589, pl. 7, fig. 10; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 8, pl. P2, figs. 5, 6.

Fragilariopsis doliolus (Wallich) Medlin et Sims (1993), p. 332; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 257, pl. 1, fig. 1; Suto et al. (2013), pp. 32, 33, pl. P3, figs. 17, 18 (Pl. P6, figs. 43, 44).

Basionym: Synedra doliolus Wallich (1860), p. 48, pl. 2, fig. 19.

Synonym: Pseudoeunotia doliolus (Wallich) Grunow in Van Heurck (1880–1885), pl. 35, fig. 22; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 778, pl. 14, fig. 12; Akiba (1986), p. 444, pl. 22, figs. 1, 2.

Fragilariopsis fossilis (Frenguelli) Medlin et Sims (1993), p. 332; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 351, pl. 3, figs. 3, 4; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 257, pl. 1, figs. 5, 6; Suto et al. (2013), p. 33, pl. P3, figs. 19–22 (Pl. P6, figs. 45, 46).

Basionym: Pseudonitzschia fossilis Frenguelli (1949), p. 118, pl. 1, figs. 6, 7.

Synonym: Nitzschia fossilis (Grunow) Grunow in Van Heurck (1880–1885), pl. 68, fig. 24; Gombos (1977), p. 595, pl. 8, fig. 17; Akiba (1986), p. 443, pl. 22, figs. 6–8; Gersonde and Burckle (1990), p. 780, pl. 1, figs. 19, 20.

Fragilariopsis interfrigidaria (McCollum) Gersonde et Bárcena (1998), p. 92; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 7, pl. P3, figs. 16, 17; pl. 25, figs. 6–8; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 259, pl. 1, figs. 20, 21; Bohaty et al. (2003), pp. 21, 22, pl. P2, figs. 15–18 (Pl. P1, figs. 13, 14).

Basionym: Nitzschia interfrigidaria McCollum (1975), p. 535, pl. 9, fig. 9; Schrader (1976), p. 634, pl. 3, figs. 5, 6; Gombos (1977), p. 595, pl. 7, fig. 3; Ciesielski (1983), p. 655, pl. 1, figs. 11–18; Ciesielski (1986), p. 876, pl. 3, figs. 6, 7; Gersonde and Burckle (1990), p. 780, pl. 1, figs. 1–3.

Synonym: Nitzschia praeinterfrigidaria of Ciesielski (1983), pl. 2, figs. 15, 16.

Fragilariopsis kerguelensis (O’Meara) Hustedt (1952), p. 294; Hustedt (1958), p. 162, figs. 121–127; Bohaty et al. (1998), pl. 1, fig. 12; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 7, pl. P3, figs. 1–3; pl. P24, fig. 3; pl. P25, fig. 1; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 259, pl. 1, fig. 24; Bohaty et al. (2003), p. 22, pl. P2, fig. 13; Suto et al. (2013), p. 33, pl. P3, figs. 23–38; pl. P11, fig. 1 (Pl. P1, figs. 19, 20).

Basionym: Terebraria kerguelensis O’Meara (1877), p. 56, pl. 1, fig. 4.

Synonym: Nitzschia kerguelensis (O’Meara) Hasle (1972a), p. 115, figs. 1, 2; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 776, pl. 2, figs. 19–30; Gombos (1977), p. 595, pl. 8, figs. 13, 14; pl. 9, fig. 2; Akiba (1982a), p. 44, pl. 9, figs. 1a–4b; Koizumi (1982), p. 80, pl. 1, figs. 7–11; Tanimura (1992), p. 407, figs. 3-1–3-9; Arney et al. (2003), p. 9, pl. P1, fig. 14.

Fragilariopsis maleinterpretaria (Schrader) Censarek et Gersonde (2002), p. 350, pl. 3, fig. 26.

Basionym: Nitzschia maleinterpretaria Schrader (1976), p. 634, pl. 2, figs. 9, 11–19, 21, 24; Gersonde and Burckle (1990), pp. 780, 782, pl. 2, figs. 13–16; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 704, pl. 6, fig. 21 (Pl. P6, figs. 47, 48).

Fragilariopsis obliquecostata (Van Heurck) Heiden et Kolbe (1928), p. 555; Mahood and Barron (1996b), p. 290, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2; pl. 7, figs. 9–14; Bohaty et al. (1998), pl. 1, fig. 14; Suto et al. (2013), p. 33, pl. P11, fig. 2 (Pl. P6, figs. 49, 50).

Basionym: Fragilaria obliquecostata Van Heurck (1909), p. 25, pl. 3, fig. 38.

Synonym: Nitzschia obliquecostata (Van Heurck) Hasle (1972a), p. 115; Fenner et al. (1976), pp. 776, 777, pl. 2, figs. 15–18.

Fragilariopsis oceanica (Cleve) Hasle (1965), p. 11, pl. 1, figs. 15–19; pl. 2, figs. 6–9; pl. 3, figs. 1, 2; pl. 16, figs. 1, 2 (Pl. P6, figs. 51, 52).

Basionym: Fragilaria oceanica Cleve (1873), p. 22, pl. 4, fig. 25.

Synonym: Nitzschia grunowii Hasle (1972a), p. 115; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 776, pl. 2, figs. 1–5; Akiba (1986), p. 443, pl. 24, figs. 19–21; Tanimura (1992), p. 409, figs. 4-32–4-35.

Fragilariopsis praeinterfrigidaria (McCollum) Gersonde et Bárcena (1998), p. 92; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 352, pl. 3, figs. 22, 23; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 7, pl. P3, figs. 13–15; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 259, pl. 1, figs. 22, 23 (Pl. P1, figs. 15, 16).

Basionym: Nitzschia praeinterfrigidaria McCollum (1975), p. 535, pl. 10, fig. 1; Gombos (1977), p. 595, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2; Ciesielski (1983), p. 655, pl. 2, figs. 1–8, 13, 14; pl. 3, fig. 5; Gersonde and Burckle (1990), p. 782, pl. 1, figs. 4–10; Baldauf and Barron (1991), p. 589, pl. 7, fig. 12.

Fragilariopsis reinholdii (Kanaya ex Schrader) Zielinski et Gersonde (2002), p. 251, pl. 1, figs. 3, 4; Censarek et Gersonde (2002), p. 352, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2 (Pl. P6, figs. 53–56).

Basionym: Nitzschia reinholdii Kanaya et Koizumi (1970), pp. 58, 59 (described in Japanese); Schrader (1973), p. 708, pl. 4, figs. 12–16; pl. 5, figs. 1–9; McCollum (1975), p. 535, pl. 16, figs. 4, 5; Akiba (1986), pp. 443, 444, pl. 22, figs. 4, 5; Ciesielski (1986), p. 877, pl. 3, figs. 1–4; Gersonde and Burckle (1990), p. 782, pl. 2, fig. 1; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 9, pl. P25, fig. 4; pl. P28, fig. 13.

Fragilariopsis rhombica (O’Meara) Hustedt (1952), p. 296; Suto et al. (2013), p. 33, pl. P3, figs. 39, 40 (no illustrations).

Basionym: Diatoma rhombicum O’Meara (1877), p. 55, pl. 1, fig. 2.

Synonym: Nitzschia angulata Hasle (1972a), p. 115; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 775, pl. 1, figs. 17–39; Gombos (1977), pl. 8, fig. 16; Koizumi (1982), p. 80, pl. 1, fig. 5; Ciesielski (1986), p. 876, pl. 3, fig. 13; Tanimura (1992), p. 407, figs. 4-24–4-26; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 8, pl. P3, fig. 6.

Fragilariopsis ritscheri Hustedt (1958), p. 164, figs. 133–136; pl. 12, fig. 153; Bohaty et al. (1998), pl. 1, fig. 8; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 259, pl. 1, fig. 7 (Pl. P6, figs. 57, 58).

Synonym: Nitzschia ritscheri (Hustedt) Hasle (1965), pp. 20, 21, pl. 1, fig. 20; pl. 4, figs. 1–7; pl. 7, fig. 8; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 777, pl. 3, figs. 1–12; Akiba (1982a), p. 44, pl. 9, figs. 5–10; Koizumi (1982), p. 80, pl. 1, fig. 6; Tanimura (1992), p. 409, figs. 4-10–4-13.

Fragilariopsis separanda Hustedt (1958), p. 165, pl. 10, figs. 108–112; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 259, pl. 1, figs. 16, 17 (Pl. P6, figs. 59–64).

Synonym: Nitzschia separanda (Hustedt) Hasle (1965), pp. 26, 27, pl. 9, figs. 7–10; pl. 10, fig. 1; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 777, pl. 1, figs. 1–16; pl. 2, figs. 23–29; Akiba (1982a), p. 44, pl. 10, figs. 3–5, 9–11; Koizumi (1982), p. 80, pl. 1, figs. 3, 4; Tanimura (1992), p. 409, figs. 4-27–4-29.

Fragilariopsis sublinearis (Van Heurck) Heiden et Kolbe (1928), p. 554; Bohaty et al. (1998), pl. 1, figs. 15–17 (Pl. P7, figs. 1, 2).

Basionym: Fragilaria sublinearis Van Heurck (1909), p. 35, pl. 3, fig. 29.

Synonym: Nitzschia sublinearis (Van Heurck) Hasle of Akiba (1982a), p. 44, pl. 9, fig. 12; Tanimura (1992), p. 409, figs. 4-36–4-40.

Goniothecium rogersii Ehrenberg (1843), p. 416 (description); Ehrenberg (1854), pl. 18, figs. 92, 93 (illustrations) (Pl. P7, figs. 3, 4).

Basionym: See Suto et al. (2008) for synonymy and description of this taxon.

Grammatophora spp. (no illustrations).

Hemiaulus spp. (Pl. P7, figs. 5–12).

Hemidiscus cuneiformis Wallich (1860), p. 42, pl. 2, figs. 3, 4; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 774, pl. 11, fig. 17; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 703, pl. 11, fig. 11; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 352, pl. 4, fig. 5; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 8, pl. P21, fig. 2; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 260, pl. 4, fig. 10; Suto et al. (2013), p. 33, pl. P2, figs. 9, 10 (Pl. P7, figs. 13–16).

Hemidiscus karstenii Jousé in Jousé et al. (1962), p. 78, pl. 2, figs. 7–9; McCollum (1975), p. 535, pl. 9, figs. 3, 4; Schrader (1976), p. 632, pl. 14, fig. 2; pl. 15, figs. 17, 18; Gombos (1977), p. 595, pl. 4, fig. 8; Ciesielski (1983), p. 656, pl. 3, fig. 6; pl. 4, figs. 2–5; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 352, pl. 3, fig. 27; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 8, pl. P21, fig. 5; Suto et al. (2013), p. 33, pl. P2, figs. 11–14 (Pl. P1, figs. 25, 26).

Hemidiscus triangularus (Jousé) Harwood et Maruyama (1992), p. 703; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 352, pl. 4, figs. 1–4 (Pl. P1, figs. 5, 6).

Basionym: Cosmiodiscus insignis f. triangula Jousé (1977), pl. 79, fig. 2; Ciesielski (1983), p. 656, pl. 5, figs. 1–10; Ciesielski (1986), p. 876, pl. 4, figs. 5, 6; pl. 6, figs. 7, 8.

Hemidiscus sp. 1 of Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 260, pl. 4, fig. 8; Suto et al. (2013), p. 33, pl. P2, figs. 15–18 (Pl. P7, figs. 17, 18).

Hyalodiscus spp. (Pl. P7, figs. 19, 20).

Koizumia adaroi (Azpeitia) Yanagisawa (1994a), pp. 600–602, 604, figs. 8-1–8-7, 8-12, 8-13; 9-1–9-3 (Pl. P7, figs. 21, 22).

Basionym: Cymatosira adaroi Azpeitia (1911), p. 201, pl. 9, fig. 5.

Synonym: See Yanagisawa (1994a).

Mediaria splendida f. tenera Schrader (1973), p. 706, pl. 3, fig. 13; Yanagisawa (1994b), pp. 419, 420, figs. 3-6–3-8, 8-1–8-7 (no illustrations).

Synonym: See Yanagisawa (1994b).

Navicula spp. (Pl. P7, figs. 23, 24).

Odontella sp.? (Pl. P7, figs. 25–30).

Opephora spp. (Pl. P7, figs. 31, 32).

Paralia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve (1873), p. 7; Akiba (1986), p. 447, pl. 29, fig. 4, 5; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 9, pl. P8, fig. 7; pl. P25, fig. 17; pl. P29, fig. 9; pl. P32, fig. 2; Arney et al. (2003), p. 9, pl. P1, fig. 5; Suto et al. (2013), p. 36, pl. P5, figs. 17–23 (Pl. P8, figs. 1–4).

Basionym: Gaillonella sulcata Ehrenberg (1838), p. 170, pl. 21, fig. 5.

Synonym: Melosira sulcata (Ehrenberg) Kützing (1844), p. 55, pl. 2, fig. 7.

Pleurosigma spp. (Pl. P8, figs. 5, 6).

Podosira spp. (Pl. P8, figs. 7, 8).

Proboscia alata (Brightwell) Sundström (1986), pp. 99, 100, figs. 258–266; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 9, pl. P5, fig. 21; Suto et al. (2013), p. 33, pl. P3, figs. 51, 52 (Pl. P8, figs. 9–14).

Basionym: Rhizosolenia alata Brightwell (1858), p. 95, pl. 5, figs. 8, 8a; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 778, pl. 13, fig. 1; Akiba (1986), p. 444, pl. 18, fig. 6; Tanimura (1992), fig. 3-16; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), pl. 18, figs. 15, 17.

Proboscia barboi (Brun) Jordan et Priddle (1991), p. 56, figs. 1, 2; Harwood et al. (2000), p. 460, fig. 8d; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 9; Suto et al. (2013), pp. 33, 34, pl. P3, figs. 53, 54 (Pl. P1, figs. 9, 10).

Basionym: Pyxilla barboi Brun (1894), p. 87, pl. 5, figs. 16, 17, 23; Rhizosolenia barboi (Brun) Tempère and Peragallo (1915), p. 26, no. 47; McCollum (1975), p. 535, pl. 11, fig. 13; Schrader (1976), p. 635, pl. 9, figs. 11–13; Akiba (1986), p. 444, pl. 18, fig. 2; Ciesielski (1986), p. 877, pl. 3, fig. 22; Simonseniella barboi (Brun) Fenner (1991), p. 108, pl. 3, figs. 1, 3; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 706, pl. 11, fig. 13.

Proboscia curvirostris (Jousé) Jordan et Priddle (1991), p. 57, figs. 5–7; Suto et al. (2013), p. 34, pl. P3, figs. 55, 56 (no illustrations).

Basionym: Rhizosolenia curvirostris Jousé (1959), p. 48, pl. 2, fig. 17; Jousé (1968), p. 19, pl. 3, figs. 1–3; Akiba (1986), p. 444, pl. 18, fig. 3.

Psammodictyon panduriforme (Gregory) Mann in Round et al. (1990), p. 676 (no illustrations).

Basionym: Nitzschia panduriformis Gregory (1857), p. 57, pl. 6, fig. 102; Suto et al. (2013), p. 36, pl. P6, figs. 52–57; pl. P11, figs. 5, 6.

Pseudo-nitzschia heimii Manguin (1957), p. 131, pl. 6, fig. 43; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 776, pl. 3, figs. 21–23 (no illustrations).

Pseudo-nitzschia spp. (Pl. P8, figs. 15, 16).

Pseudopyxilla americana (Ehrenberg) Forti (1909), p. 28, pl. 1, fig. 6 not fig. 7; Proschkina-Lavrenko (1949), pp. 200, 201, pl. 98, figs. 4a, 4b not 4c; Sheshukova-Poretzkaya (1967), pp. 263, 264, pl. 39, figs. 2a, 2b; Hajós (1968), p. 137, pl. 38, fig. 4; Strelnikova (1974), p. 112, pl. 54, figs. 1–15; Barron (1975), pp. 151, 152, pl. 11, fig. 12; McCollum (1975), p. 535, pl. 10, fig. 11 not figs. 2, 3; Andrews (1976), pp. 19, 20, pl. 6, figs. 11, 12 not figs. 9, 10; Schrader and Fenner (1976), p. 994, pl. 9, fig. 7; Andrews (1980), p. 33, pl. 3, fig. 6; Abbott and Ernissee (1983), p. 302, pl. 15, fig. 7; Hajós (1986), pl. 28, fig. 15; Baldauf and Barron (1987), p. 7, pl. 11, fig. 12; Harwood et al. (1989), pl. 3, fig. 20; Lee (1993), p. 43, pl. 2, fig. 9; Harwood and Bohaty (2001), p. 329, pl. 1, fig. 26; Gladenkov (2003), p. 46, pl. 7, fig. 4 (Pl. P8, figs. 17, 18).

Basionym: Rhizosolenia americana Ehrenberg (1854), pl. 18, figs. 98b, 98d not figs. 98a, 98c, 98e–98i.

Synonym: Pyxilla americana (Ehrenberg) Grunow in Van Heurck (1880–1885), pl. 83, figs. 1–3; Pantocsek (1903), p. 45, pl. 28, fig. 283; Hanna (1970), p. 192, fig. 61; Pseudopyxilla capreolus Forti (1909), p. 16, pl. 1, fig. 4; Proschkina-Lavrenko (1949), p. 201, pl. 98, figs. 5a–5c; Pseudopyxilla capreolus var. gracilior Forti (1909), p. 17, pl. 1, fig. 5.

Remarks: Pyxilla americana in Van Heurck (1880–1885, pl. 83, figs. 1–3), Pantocsek (1903, p. 45, pl. 28, fig. 283) and Hanna (1970, p. 192, fig. 61), Pseudopyxilla capreolus in Forti (1909, p. 16, pl. 1, fig. 4) and Proschkina-Lavrenko (1949, p. 201, pl. 98, figs. 5a–5c), and Pseudopyxilla capreolus var. gracilior Forti (1909, p. 17, pl. 1, fig. 5) are synonym of Pseudopyxilla americana because these specimens possess the branching process on the top of conical valve.

Rhizosolenia americana in Ehrenberg (1854, pl. 18, figs. 98a, 98h, 98i), and Pseudopyxilla americana in Forti (1909, pl. 1, fig. 7), Proschkina-Lavrenko (1949, pl. 98, fig. 4c) and Hajós and Stradner (1975, p. 933, pl. 12, fig. 3) belong to Pseudopyxilla dubia (Grunow in Van Heurck) Forti because the cylindrical and convex valve without branching process.

The specimens of Rhizosolenia americana in Ehrenberg (1854, pl. 18, figs. 98c, 98g), McCollum (1975, pl. 10, figs. 2, 3) and Andrews (1976, pl. 6, figs. 9, 10), Pyxilla americana in Hasegawa (1977, p. 86, pl. 26, fig. 10), and Pseudopyxilla americana in Abbott and Andrews (1979, p. 249, pl. 5, fig. 6) are identified as Pseudopyxilla directa (Pantocsek) Forti because of their cylindrical and conical valve with slender hyaline process (see also Suto et al., 2009).

Pterotheca aculeifera (Grunow in Van Heurck) Van Heurck (1880–1885), pl. 83 bis, fig. 5; Suto et al. (2009), pp. 282, 284, 286, pl. 9, figs. 1–47 (Pl. P8, figs. 19, 20).

Synonym: See Suto et al. (2009).

Rhaphoneis amphiceros (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg (1844b), p. 87; Akiba (1986), p. 447, pl. 20, fig. 19; Ciesielski (1986), p. 877, pl. 6, figs. 1–3; Suto et al. (2013), p. 36, pl. P6, figs. 58–63 (no illustrations).

Basionym: Cocconeis amphiceros Ehrenberg (1840a), p. 206.

Rhaphoneis spp. (no illustrations).

Rhizosolenia hebetata Bailey (1856), p. 5, pl. 1, figs. 18, 19; Suto et al. (2013), p. 34, pl. P3, figs. 63–68 (Pl. P8, figs. 21, 22).

Rhizosolenia polydactyla Castracane (1886a), p. 71, pl. 24, fig. 2; Suto et al. (2013), p. 34, pl. P3, figs. 69–74 (Pl. P8, figs. 23–26).

Synonym: Rhizosolenia styliformis Brightwell of Schrader (1976), p. 635, pl. 9, fig. 4; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 779, pl. 13, figs. 3–5, 9; Akiba (1982a), p. 44, pl. 7, fig. 3 not fig. 4; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 705, pl. 18, fig. 20; Mahood and Barron (1996b), p. 292, pl. 1, fig. 7; pl. 7, figs. 4, 6; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 10, pl. P7, figs. 1–3; pl. P28, figs. 18, 19. See also Armand and Zielinski (2001) and Suto et al. (2013).

Rocella praenitida (Fenner) Fenner in Kim et Barron (1986), p. 177, pl. 4, fig. 3; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 705, pl. 4, figs. 1–5; Arney et al. (2003), p. 9, pl. P4, fig. 5 (Pl. P8, figs. 27, 28).

Basionym: Coscinodiscus praenitidus Fenner in Schrader et Fenner (1976), p. 972, pl. 14, figs. 7–9, 12; pl. 27, fig. 8; pl. 35, fig. 24; pl. 36, fig. 5; Gombos and Ciesielski (1983), p. 601, pl. 22, figs. 4, 5; Ciesielski (1986), p. 876, pl. 6, fig. 11.

Rouxia constricta Zielinski et Gersonde (2002), p. 251, pl. 2, figs. 11–19; Zielinski et al. (2002), pl. 1, figs. 8–14 (Pl. P8, figs. 29, 30).

Rouxia diploneides Schrader (1973), p. 710, pl. 3, figs. 24, 25; McCollum (1975), p. 535, pl. 11, figs. 11, 12; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 705, pl. 17, fig. 12; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 10, pl. P5, fig. 8 (Pl. P1, figs. 11, 12).

Rouxia leventerae Bohaty et al. (1998), pp. 444, 445, pl. 1, figs. 1–6; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 261, pl. 2, figs. 1–7; Zielinski et al. (2002), pl. 1; figs. 1–7 (Pl. P8, figs. 31, 32).

Rouxia naviculoides Schrader (1973), p. 710, pl. 3, figs. 27–32; McCollum (1975), p. 535, pl. 11, figs. 14, 15; Schrader (1976), p. 636, pl. 5, figs. 13, 18; Gombos (1977), p. 597, pl. 7, figs. 10, 11; Gersonde and Burckle (1990), p. 782, pl. 4, fig. 16; Harwood et al. (2000), p. 460, fig. 9r; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 10, pl. P5, figs. 1, 2; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 261, pl. 2, figs. 8, 9 (Pl. P8, figs. 33, 34).

Shionodiscus gracilis (Karsten) Alverson et al. (2006), p. 259 (Pl. P1, figs. 21, 22).

Basionym: Coscinodiscus gracilis Karsten (1905), p. 78, pl. 3, fig. 4.

Synonym: Thalassiosira gracilis (Karsten) Hustedt (1958), pp. 109, 110, pl. 3, figs. 4–7; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 780, pl. 9, figs. 12–20; Akiba (1982a), p. 46, pl. 4, figs. 11a–12; Koizumi (1982), p. 81, pl. 2, figs. 4, 5; Tanimura (1992), p. 409, figs. 3-3–3-6; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 12, pl. P12, fig. 4; pl. P24, fig. 2; Suto et al. (2013), p. 34, pl. P2, figs. 26, 27.

Shionodiscus oestrupii (Ostenfeld) Alverson et al. (2006), p. 258 (Pl. P9, figs. 1–6).

Basionym: Coscinosira oestrupii Ostenfeld (1900), p. 52.

Synonym: Thalassiosira oestrupii (Ostenfeld) Proschkina-Lavrenko ex Hasle (1960), p. 8, pl. 1, figs. 5, 7, 11; Hasle (1972b), p. 544; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 780, pl. 9, figs. 1–11; Gombos (1977), p. 598, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2; Akiba (1982a), p. 46, pl. 4, figs. 2a, 2b, 8–10; Koizumi (1982), p. 81, pl. 2, figs. 1–3; Akiba (1986), p. 446, pl. 14, figs. 1–6; Gersonde and Burckle (1990), p. 782, pl. 3, figs. 13, 14; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 708, pl. 16, figs. 5–7; Bohaty et al. (1998), pl. 2, fig. 3; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 353, pl. 5, figs. 9, 10; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 13, pl. P26, figs. 6a, 6b; Suto et al. (2013), p. 35, pl. P4, figs. 1–10.

Shionodiscus tetraoestrupii (Bodén) Alverson et al. (2006), p. 260 (Pl. P9, figs. 7, 8).

Basionym: Thalassiosira tetraoestrupii Bodén (1993), pp. 63, 67, pl. 1, figs. A–G; pl. 2, figs. A, B, H, J; Mahood and Barron (1995), figs. 9–19, 25, 26, 28–46; Mahood and Barron (1996b), p. 296; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 13, pl. P16, figs. 8, 9; pl. P27, fig. 7.

Shionodiscus tetraoestrupii var. reimeri (Mahood et Barron) Alverson et al. (2006), p. 260 (Pl. P1, figs. 3, 4).

Basionym: Thalassiosira tetraoestrupii var. reimeri Mahood et Barron (1995), p. 2, figs. 1–8, 20–24, 27; Mahood and Barron (1996b), p. 296, pl. 4, figs. 6a–7; pl. 8, figs. 9–12; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 264, pl. 5, figs. 6–9.

Synonym: Coscinodiscus donahue Mukhina in Jousé (1977), pl. 79, fig. 6 not figs. 3–5, 8.

Stellarima spp. (no illustrations).

Stephanogonia hanzawae Kanaya (1959), pp. 118, 119, pl. 11, figs. 3a–7; McCollum (1975), p. 535, pl. 12, fig. 6; Arney et al. (2003), p. 10, pl. P1, fig. 12 (no illustrations).

Synonym: Stephanogonia sp. in Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 10, pl. P8, figs. 3, 4; pl. P31, fig. 3.

Stephanopyxis spp. (Pl. P9, figs. 9–18).

Synedropsis recta Hasle et al. (1994), p. 252, figs. 27–30, 51–55, 57–60, 68–75, 142c (Pl. P9, figs. 19–22).

Tetracyclus sp. (Pl. P9, figs. 23, 24).

Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) Mereschkowsky (1902), p. 78; Akiba (1982a), p. 45, pl. 8, figs. 15a–18; Akiba (1986), p. 445, pl. 21, figs. 11, 19; Suto et al. (2013), p. 36, pl. P8, figs. 35–48 (Pl. P9, figs. 25–40).

Basionym: Synedra nitzschioides Grunow (1862), p. 403, pl. 5/8, fig. 18.

Synonym: Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) Van Heurck (1896), p. 319, fig. 75; Ciesielski (1986), p. 877, pl. 3, fig. 17; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 11, pl. P5, fig. 18.

Thalassionema sp. A (Pl. P10, figs. 1–10).

Remarks: The valve of this taxon possesses slender and linear outline with slightly compressed and rounded ends that can easily be separated from other Thalassionema taxa with broadly rounded ends to lanceolate with subcapitate ends such as Thalassionema nitzschioides complex (Tanimura et al., 2007) and Thalassionema schraderi (Akiba, 1982b). The stratigraphic occurrence in Hole U1371D ranges from Samples 329-U1371D-9H-7W, 58–59 cm to 6H-6W, 81–82 cm (82.98–53.71 m CSF-A) with a distinct peak, where it comprises over 50% of diatom assemblage, at Sample 9H-1W, 92–93 cm (74.82 m CSF-A) (Fig. F2; Table T1). The high occurrence may correspond to the Thalassionema increasing event in 5.7, 5.2–4.7 and 4.4–3.7 Ma reported from the Antarctic Peninsula’s Pacific margin by Bart and Iwai (2012), although the taxa are differentiated. This taxon is potentially useful for diatom biostratigraphy, because it is relatively short-ranging with specific characteristics that allow for easy identification in practical stratigraphic analysis.

Thalassionema spp. (Pl. P9, figs. 41–44).

Thalassiosira complicata Gersonde (1991), pp. 150, 151, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2; pl. 5, figs. 18–20; pl. 6, figs. 1–6; pl. 7, figs. 1–5; Gersonde and Burckle (1990), p. 782, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 707, pl. 14, figs. 18–21; Iwai and Winter (2002), pp. 11, 12, pl. P11, figs. 1–9; pl. P12, fig. 1; pl. P26, fig. 3; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 263, pl. 4, figs. 3, 4 (Pl. P10, figs. 11, 12).

Thalassiosira eccentrica (Ehrenberg) Cleve emend. Fryxell et Hasle (1972), p. 302, figs. 1–18; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 779, pl. 10, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5; Akiba (1986), p. 445, pl. 14, fig. 13; Bohaty et al. (2003), p. 25, pl. P1, fig. 6; Suto et al. (2013), p. 34, pl. P2, figs. 21–23 (Pl. P10, figs. 13–16).

Basionym: Coscinodiscus eccentricus Ehrenberg (1840b), p. 146.

Thalassiosira fasciculata Harwood et Maruyama (1992), p. 707, pl. 15, figs. 4–6; Mahood and Barron (1996a), pp. 287, 289, 291, figs. 15–24, 27, 28; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 263, pl. 5, figs. 3, 4 (Pl. P10, figs. 17–20).

Synonym: Coscinodiscus bullatus Janisch of Hustedt (1958), figs. 26–28.

Thalassiosira insigna (Jousé) Harwood et Maruyama (1992), p. 707, pl. 14, figs. 3–5; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 264, pl. 5, figs. 14, 15; Bohaty et al. (2003), p. 26, pl. P1, fig. 4 (Pl. P1, figs. 7, 8).

Basionym: Cosmiodiscus insignis Jousé (1959), pl. 4, fig. 9; McCollum (1975), p. 527, pl. 8, fig. 5; Gombos (1977), p. 593, pl. 4, figs. 4, 5; Ciesielski (1986), p. 876, pl. 1, figs. 1–5.

Thalassiosira inura Gersonde (1991), p. 151, pl. 6, figs. 7–14; pl. 8, figs. 1–6; Gersonde and Burckle (1990), p. 782, pl. 3, figs. 15–17; pl. 5, fig. 14; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 707, pl. 5, fig. 14; pl. 14, figs. 12–16; Bohaty et al. (1998), pl. 4, fig. 8; Harwood et al. (2000), p. 460, fig. 7b; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 353, pl. 4, figs. 11, 12; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 12, pl. P12, figs. 2, 3; pl. P26, figs. 8, 9; pl. P27, fig. 3; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 264, pl. 5, figs. 12, 13 (Pl. P1, figs. 23, 24).

Synonym: Cestodiscus? sp. of Gombos (1977), pl. 5, fig. 8; Thalassiosira gracilis of McCollum (1975), p. 536, pl. 14, fig. 3.

Thalassiosira kolbei (Jousé) Gersonde (1990), p. 793, pl. 1, fig. 2; pl. 5, figs. 3, 5, 6; Gersonde and Burckle (1990), p. 782, pl. 3, fig. 1; Mahood and Barron (1996b), p. 294, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2; pl. 8, figs. 1a, 1b; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 264, pl. 5, fig. 2 (Pl. P10, figs. 21, 22).

Basionym: Coscinodiscus kolbei Jousé in Jousé et al. (1962), p. 73, pl. 1, figs. 7–9; McCollum (1975), p. 527, pl. 4, figs. 7–9; Gombos (1977), p. 593, pl. 6, fig. 3; Ciesielski (1986), p. 875, pl. 4, figs. 1–4.

Thalassiosira lentiginosa (Janisch in Schmidt) Fryxell (1977), p. 103, figs. 13a–13d, 14a–14d; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 707, pl. 19, fig. 15; Tanimura (1992), p. 409, figs. 3-1, 3-9; 5-1, 5-2; Mahood and Barron (1996b), p. 294, pl. 4, figs. 4a-5; pl. 8, figs. 2a, 2b; Bohaty et al. (1998), pl. 3, fig. 3; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 13, pl. P20, figs. 1, 4; pl. P24, fig. 4; Suto et al. (2013), p. 35, pl. P2, figs. 28, 29 (Pl. P11, figs. 1, 2).

Basionym: Coscinodiscus lentiginosus Janisch in Schmidt (1874–1959), pl. 58, fig. 11; McCollum (1975), p. 527, pl. 5, fig. 1; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 773, pl. 7, figs. 4–6; Gombos (1977), p. 593, pl. 3, figs. 4, 5.

Thalassiosira lineata Jousé (1968), p. 13, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 780, pl. 11, figs. 8–10; Akiba (1982a), p. 46, pl. 4, figs. 3, 4; Akiba (1986), p. 446, pl. 14, figs. 7, 9; Suto et al. (2013), p. 35, pl. P2, figs. 30–33 (no illustrations).

Thalassiosira cf. nativa Sheshukova-Poretzkaya (1959), p. 41, pl. 1, fig. 8; pl. 4, fig. 5; Schrader (1976), p. 636, pl. 12, figs. 8–11; Baldauf and Barron (1991), p. 591, pl. 6, fig. 5; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 13, pl. P19, fig. 9, 10 (Pl. P11, figs. 3, 4).

Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii Cleve (1873), p. 7, pl. 1, fig. 1; Gombos (1977), p. 598, pl. 4, figs. 6, 7; Akiba (1986), p. 446, pl. 5, fig. 8 (no illustrations).

Thalassiosira oliverana (O’Meara) Sournia in Sournia et al. (1979), p. 191, figs. 8, 9; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 708, pl. 14, figs. 1, 2, 6, 11, 17; Mahood and Barron (1996b), p. 296, pl. 5, figs. 1–3; pl. 8, figs. 3–4; Harwood et al. (2000), p. 460, fig. 7c; Suto et al. (2013), p. 35, pl. P4, figs. 31, 32 (Pl. P11, figs. 5, 6).

Basionym: Actinocyclus oliveranus O’Meara (1877), p. 58, pl. 1, fig. 7.

Synonym: Schimperiella antarctica (Grunow) Karsten (1905), p. 88, pl. 8, figs. 6a, 6b; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 779, pl. 14, figs. 1–5; Akiba (1982a), p. 45, pl. 3, figs. 1–6; Koizumi (1982), p. 81, pl. 3, figs. 1–4; Tanimura (1992), figs. 3-7a, 3-7b; Thalassiosira oliverana (O’Meara) Makarova et Nikolaev (1984), p. 89, pl. 1, figs. 1–11; pl. 2, figs. 1–11; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 13, pl. P14, figs. 1, 2; pl. P33, fig. 8; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 264.

Thalassiosira oliverana var. sparsa Harwood et Maruyama (1992), p. 708, pl. 16, fig. 13; Censarek and Gersonde (2002), p. 353, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 13, pl. P14, fig. 4; pl. P33, fig. 9 (Pl. P11, figs. 7, 8).

Basionym: Coscinodiscus (Cestodiscus) intersectus Brun (1891), p. 22, pl. 20, fig. 5.

Synonym: Cosmiodiscus intersectus (Brun) Jousé (1959), pl. 2, figs. 3, 4; McCollum (1975), p. 527, pl. 8, fig. 4; Schrader (1976), p. 631, pl. 12, fig. 13; Gersonde and Burckle (1990), p. 780, pl. 4, fig. 13; Baldauf and Barron (1991), p. 588, pl. 6, figs. 3, 6.

Thalassiosira striata Harwood et Maruyama (1992), p. 708, pl. 15, figs. 7–9; Iwai and Winter (2002), p. 13, pl. P15, fig. 4; pl. P27, fig. 2; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 264, pl. 4, fig. 7; Suto et al. (2013), p. 35, pl. P4, figs. 11, 12 (Pl. P11, figs. 9, 10).

Thalassiosira cf. symmetrica Fryxell et Hasle (1972), p. 312, figs. 37–46; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 780, pl. 11, figs. 1–3 (Pl. P11, figs. 11, 12).

Thalassiosira tumida (Janisch) Hasle in Hasle et al. (1971), pp. 326, 328, figs. 1–43, 46; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 780, pl. 10, figs. 6, 7; Akiba (1982a), p. 46, pl. 4, figs. 1a, 1b; Bohaty et al. (1998), pl. 2, fig. 1 (Pl. P11, figs. 13, 14).

Basionym: Coscinodiscus tumidus Janisch in Schmidt (1874–1959), pl. 59, figs. 38, 39.

Thalassiosira vulnifica (Gombos) Fenner (1991), p. 108, pl. 2, fig. 2; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 702, pl. 15, fig. 1; emend. Mahood et Barron (1996a), pp. 285, 287, figs. 1–14, 25, 26; Iwai and Winter (1992), p. 708, pl. P15, fig. 1; Zielinski and Gersonde (2002), p. 264, pl. 5, figs. 10, 11 (Pl. P11, figs. 15, 16).

Basionym: Coscinodiscus vulnificus Gombos (1977), p. 593, pl. 4, figs. 1–3; pl. 42, figs. 1, 2; Ciesielski (1983), p. 656, pl. 6, figs. 7, 8.

Synonym: Coscinodiscus sp. 2 of McCollum (1975), p. 527, pl. 8, figs. 1, 2.

Thalassiosira yabei (Kanaya) Akiba et Yanagisawa (1986), p. 493, pl. 27, figs. 1, 2; pl. 28, figs. 1–9; Akiba (1986), p. 446, pl. 7, figs. 5, 6 (Pl. P11, figs. 17, 18).

Basionym: Coscinodiscus yabei Kanaya (1959), p. 86, pl. 5, figs. 6–9; Ciesielski (1986), p. 876, pl. 4, figs. 7–10.

Thalassiosira spp. (no illustrations).

Thalassiothrix longissima Cleve et Grunow (1880), p. 108; Schrader (1976), p. 637, pl. 1, figs. 5, 6, 17; Fenner et al. (1976), p. 781; Akiba (1982a), p. 46, pl. 8, fig. 19; Akiba (1986), p. 447, pl. 21, fig. 18; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), p. 708, pl. 11, fig. 12; Suto et al. (2013), p. 35, pl. P3, figs. 75–78 (Pl. P11, figs. 19–22).

Triceratium spp. (Pl. P11, figs. 23–39).

Coastal upwelling indicator, resting spores of Chaetoceros

Coronodiscus collarius Suto (2004a), p. 96, figs. 2A, 5–35; Suto et al. (2013), p. 36, pl. P10, figs. 1, 2; pl. P12, fig. 1 (Pl. P12, figs. 1, 2).

Dicladia capreola Ehrenberg (1854), pl. 35A, fig. 8; Van Heurck (1880–1885), pl. 106, figs. 15, 16 (not fig. 14); Van Heurck (1896), p. 426, fig. 144; Kanaya (1959), p. 117, pl. 11, figs. 1, 2; Sheshukova-Poretzkaya (1967), p. 213, pl. 34, figs. 1a–1c; Hanna (1970), p. 188, fig. 63; Lohman (1974), p. 351, pl. 5, fig. 10; Abbott and Andrews (1979), p. 243, pl. 4, fig. 5; pl. 7, fig. 7; Suto (2003), pp. 337, 339, figs. 1B, 17–30, 124, 125; Suto (2005a), p. 359, fig. 2B; Suto et al. (2013), p. 36, pl. P10, figs. 3–6 (Pl. P12, figs. 3, 4).

Synonym: Chaetoceros (Dicladia) lorenzianus Grunow (1863), p. 157, pl. 5, fig. 13; Frenguelli (1949), p. 139, pl. 4, figs. 23, 24; Proschkina-Lavrenko (1949), p. 139, pl. 47, fig. 4b; Jousé (1977), pl. 24, fig. 17; Andrews (1980), p. 26, pl. 1, fig. 13; Gersonde (1980), p. 300, pl. 16, fig. 12; Harwood and Maruyama (1992), pl. 18, figs. 11, 18, 19; Lee (1993), p. 34, pl. 3, fig. 28; Chaetoceros dicladia Castracane (1886a), p. 82, pl. 8, fig. 1; pl. 19, figs. 7, 8; Barron (1975), p. 128, pl. 5, fig. 7; Lee (1993), p. 33, pl. 2, figs. 5, 6, 27?; pl. 3, fig. 29; Dicladia mitra Bailey of Van Heurck (1880–1885), pl. 106, fig. 13; Dicladia pylea Hanna et Grant (1926), p. 142, pl. 16, figs. 4, 5; Schrader (1973), pl. 17, figs. 1–3; Hasegawa (1977), p. 85, pl. 21, figs. 5a, 5b; pl. 12, figs. 12a, 12b; pl. 27, figs. 17a, 17b; Chaetoceros mitra (Bailey) Cleve of Winter (2001), p. 9, pl. P6, fig. 7.

Dispinodiscus pilusus var. montanus Suto (2004b), pp. 87, 89, figs. 1M–1R, 45–56; Suto et al. (2013), p. 36, pl. P10, figs. 11–16; pl. P12, fig. 2 (no illustrations).

Synonym: Resting spore 1 of Hasegawa (1977), p. 91, pl. 23, fig. 9; Resting spore of Stockwell (1991), pl. 1, figs. 3, 4; Chaetoceros cf. sp. 1 of Homann (1991), p. 76, pl. 9, figs. 1, 9; Chaetoceros sp. of Bohaty et al. (1998), pl. 5, fig. 7.

Dispinodiscus pilusus var. pilusus Suto (2004b), pp. 81, 87, figs. 1A–1I, 57–88; Suto et al. (2013), p. 36, pl. P10, figs. 17, 18 (Pl. P12, figs. 5, 6).

Synonym: Chaetoceros debilis Cleve of Jousé (1977), pl. 2, fig. 14; Resting spore 2 of Hasegawa (1977), p. 91, pl. 23, fig. 10; Chaetoceros sp. of Bohaty et al. (1998), pl. 5, fig. 6; Xanthiopyxis sp. of Fenner (1995), p. 79, pl. 4, fig. 8; Resting spore of Takahashi et al. (2003), figs. 7-26, 7-27.

Dispinodiscus stimulus Suto (2004b), pp. 80, 81, figs. 1J–1L, 6–31, 43, 44; Suto et al. (2013), p. 36, pl. P10, figs. 19–24e (no illustrations).

Synonym: Chaetoceros sp. of Fenner (1978), p. 513, pl. 34, figs. 7, 10.

Dispinodiscus sp. A (Pl. P12, figs. 7, 8).

Gemellodiscus bifurcus Suto (2004c), p. 269, figs. 2.F, 2.G, 10.1–10.25; Suto et al. (2013), p. 37, pl. P10, figs. 25–34; pl. P12, fig. 3 (Pl. P12, figs. 9, 10).

Synonym: Chaetoceros furcellatus Bailey of Sheshukova-Poretzkaya (1967), p. 205, pl. 33, fig. 8; Hajós (1968), p. 129, pl. 34, fig. 2; Gleser et al. (1974), pl. 58, fig. 3; pl. 88, fig. 4; Shirshov (1977), pl. 2, fig. 17; Sancetta (1982), pl. 2, figs. 7, 9; Lee (1993), p. 33, pl. 1, fig. 11; Chaetoceros sp. IV of Hajós (1968), p. 130, pl. 34, fig. 10; Chaetoceros septentrionalis Oestrup of Sancetta (1982), pl. 2, fig. 8; Chaetoceros didymus Ehrenberg of Whiting and Schrader (1985b), pl. 5, fig. 4.

Gemellodiscus cingulus var. cingulus Suto (2004c), p. 267, figs. 2.C, 2.D, 8.1–8.10, 8.15; Suto et al. (2013), p. 37, pl. P10, figs. 35, 36 (Pl. P12, figs. 11, 12).

Synonym: Chaetoceros cinctus Gran of Sheshukova-Poretzkaya (1967), p. 206, pl. 33, fig. 9; Gleser et al. (1974), pl. 54, figs. 1a, 1b; pl. 80, fig. 6 not pl. 48, fig. 7; Chaetoceros incurvus Bailey of Sheshukova-Poretzkaya (1967), p. 207, pl. 8, fig. 8; pl. 33, fig. 10; Chaetoceros didymus Ehrenberg of Hanna (1970), p. 182, figs. 62, 98 not fig. 97.

Gemellodiscus cingulus var. longus Suto (2004c), pp. 267, 269, figs. 2.E, 8.11–8.14; 9.1–9.15 (no illustrations).

Synonym: Chaetoceros cinctus Gran of Hajós (1968), p. 129, pl. 33, figs. 18, 19; pl. 34, fig. 1; Schrader (1973), pl. 17, figs. 14, 15; Gleser et al. (1974), pl. 48, fig. 7; pl. 80, fig. 6 not pl. 54, figs. 1a, 1b; Hasegawa (1977), p. 81, pl. 23, fig. 16; Jousé (1977), pl. 24, fig. 15; Lee (1993), p. 32, pl. 1, fig. 13; Chaetoceros spores (cf. radicans) of Whiting and Schrader (1985b), pl. 5, fig. 2 not fig. 3; Chaetoceros sp. B of Lee (1993), p. 37, pl. 1, fig. 10.

Gemellodiscus geminus Suto (2004c), p. 278, figs. 2.N, 14.5–14.9, 16.1–16.24 (Pl. P12, figs. 13, 14).

Synonym: Chaetoceros didymus Ehrenberg of Makarova (1962), p. 50, pl. 4, figs. 7–14; Hanna (1970), p. 182, fig. 97 not figs. 62, 98; Jousé (1977), pl. 24, figs. 10, 11; Harwood and Bohaty (2000), p. 91, pl. 2, figs. j, k; Chaetoceros sp. V of Hajós (1968), p. 131, pl. 34, fig. 14; Chaetoceros debilis Cleve of Schrader (1973), pl. 17, figs. 12, 13; Chaetoceros sp. of Schrader and Fenner (1976), p. 968, pl. 6, fig. 15; pl. 38, figs. 5, 7 not fig. 6; Barron and Mahood (1993), p. 38, pl. 6, figs. 3, 4.

Gemellodiscus hirtus Suto (2004c), p. 269, figs. 2.H, 10.26–10.31 (no illustrations).

Gemellodiscus micronodosus Suto (2004c), figs. 2.J–2.M, 12.1–12.14, 14.1 (no illustrations).

Hypovalves of Gemellodiscus caveatus and Gemellodiscus micronodosus of Suto (2004c), pp. 271, 278, figs. 2.M, 13.1–13.14, 14.4; Suto et al. (2013), p. 37, pl. P10, figs. 37, 38 (see also Suto, 2004d) (no illustrations).

Same type hypovalve: Xanthiopyxis sp. A of Lee (1993), p. 46, pl. 2, fig. 14.

Liradiscus castaneus var. castaneus Suto (2007), p. 146, figs. 2H–2J; pl. 2, figs. 1a–3c, 7a, 7b, 14a, 14b; Suto et al. (2013), p. 37, pl. P10, figs. 39–46; pl. P12, fig. 4 (Pl. P12, figs. 15–18).

Liradiscus castaneus? (Pl. P12, figs. 19–26)

Liradiscus japonicus Suto (2004e), pp. 69–70, figs. 2L, 2M; pl. 3, figs. 1a–10; Suto (2007), p. 150, figs. 3G, 3H; Suto et al. (2013), p. 37, pl. P10, figs. 47, 48 (Pl. P12, figs. 27, 28).

Liradiscus pacificus Suto (2004e), p. 70, figs. 2P, 2Q; pl. 3, figs. 11a–15; Suto (2007), p. 150, figs. 3O, 3P; Suto et al. (2013), p. 37, pl. P10, figs. 49, 50 (no illustrations).

Synonym: Liradiscus ovalis Greville of Andrews (1976), p. 16, pl. 5, figs. 6–7.

Liradiscus petasus Suto (2004e), p. 70, figs. 2N, 2O; pl. 2, figs. 26a-35; Suto (2007), p. 150, figs. 3I, 3J; pl. 3, figs. 10a–13b (Pl. P12, figs. 29, 30).

Liradiscus plicatulus Hajós (1968), p. 114, pl. 28, fig. 10; Suto (2004e), p. 66, figs. 2F, 2G; pl. 2, figs. 1a–20b; Suto (2007), p. 150, figs. 3A, 3B; Suto et al. (2013), p. 37, pl. P10, figs. 51–54; pl. P12, fig. 5 (Pl. P12, figs. 31–34).

Quadrocistella paliesa Suto (2006a), p. 17, fig. 2L; pl. 6, figs. 1–24 (Pl. P12, figs. 35, 36).

Synonym: Chaetoceros? sp. VI of Hajós (1968), p. 131, pl. 34, figs. 12, 13.

Quadrocistella palmesa Suto (2006a), p. 20, fig. 2N; pl. 5, figs. 18–23 (no illustrations).

Quadrocistella rectagonuma Suto (2006a), p. 17, fig. 2J; pl. 5, figs. 1–13; Suto et al. (2013), p. 37, pl. P10, figs. 57–62; pl. P12, fig. 6 (no illustrations).

Quadrocistella sp. A (Pl. P12, figs. 37–40).

Syndendrium altantemna Suto (2005a), p. 369, figs. 2M, 94–107, 117 (Pl. P13, figs. 1, 2).

Syndendrium diadema Ehrenberg (1854), pl. 35A, group 18, fig. 13; Van Heurck (1896), p. 427, fig. 146; Lohman (1974), p. 350, pl. 5, fig. 13; Suto (2003), pp. 342, 348, 349, figs. 1G, 76–93, 122; Suto (2005a), p. 365, fig. 2H; Suto et al. (2013), p. 37, pl. P10, figs. 63–74 (Pl. P13, figs. 3, 4).

Synonym: Chaetoceros diadema (Ehrenberg) Gran (1897), p. 20, pl. 2, figs. 16–18; Frenguelli (1949), p. 140, pl. 4, figs. 33–35; Barron (1975), p. 128, pl. 5, fig. 5; Gersonde (1980), p. 299, pl. 16, fig. 9; Winter (2001), p. 9, pl. P6, fig. 4; Chaetoceros subsecundus (Grunow) Hustedt (1927–1930), p. 790, fig. 404; Makarova (1962), p. 48, pl. 3, figs. 6–10; Schrader (1973), pl. 17, figs. 4, 8; Gleser et al. (1974), pl. 88, fig. 5; Jousé (1977), pl. 24, fig. 9; Sancetta (1982), p. 227, pl. 2, figs. 5, 6; Lee (1993), p. 36, pl. 1, figs. 2–4; pl. 3, fig. 18.

Truncatulus tortonicus (Hajós) Suto (2006c), p. 598, figs. 8, 108–140 (Pl. P13, figs. 5–10).

Basionym: Chasea tortonica Hajós (1968), p. 117, pl. 28, figs. 18, 19; Hajós (1986), pl. 49, figs. 6–8.

Vallodiscus chinchae (Mereschkowski) Suto (2005b), pp. 22, 24, figs. 2G–2I, 69–87 (Pl. P13, figs. 11, 12).

Basionym: Chaetoceros chinchae Mereschkowsky (1889), pp. 483, 484, pl. 16, figs. 3–7.

Synonym: Chaetoceros chinchae (Mereschkowsky) Frenguelli (1949), p. 142, pl. 4, figs. 25–27; Liradiscus ellipticus Greville of Barron (1975), p. 145, pl. 9, fig. 19; Liradiscus sp. of McCollum (1975), p. 535, pl. 9, figs. 5, 6; Liradiscus asperulus Andrews (1976), p. 16, pl. 5, figs. 3–5; Abbott and Andrews (1979), p. 245, pl. 4, fig. 18; Abbott and Ernissee (1983), p. 300, pl. 17, fig. 2; Liradiscus spp. of Jousé (1977), pl. 51, figs. 10, 11; genus and species indeterminate of Fenner (1978), pl. 34, figs. 16–19.

Vallodiscus complexus Suto (2005b), p. 22, figs. 2D–2F, 33–68; Suto et al. (2013), p. 37, pl. P10, figs. 75–78 (Pl. P13, figs. 13–16).

Synonym: Liradiscus ovalis Greville of Hajós (1968), p. 114, pl. 28, figs. 8, 9 not fig. 12; Hajós (1986), pl. 21, figs. 10, 11; pl. 48, fig. 6; Lee (1993), p. 42, pl. 2, fig. 23 not fig. 25; Liradiscus asperulus Andrews of Lee (1986), pl. 2, fig. 17; Lee (1993), p. 41, pl. 2, fig. 10.

Vallodiscus simplexus Suto (2005b), pp. 16, 20, 22, figs. 2A–2C, 5–18 (no illustrations).

Synonym: Liradiscus ovalis Greville of Hajós (1968), p. 114, pl. 28, fig. 12 not figs. 8, 9; Lee (1993), p. 42, pl. 2, fig. 25 not fig. 23; Liradiscus sp. 1 of Fenner (1978), p. 524, pl. 37, fig. 12; Liradiscus asperulus Andrews of Hajós (1986), pl. 4, fig. 5.

Vallodiscus spp. (no illustrations).

Xanthioisthmus biscoctiformis (Forti) Suto (2006a), pp. 9, 10, fig. 2A; pl. 1, figs. 1–8 (Pl. P13, figs. 17, 18).

Basionym: Xanthiopyxis biscoctiformis Forti (1913), p. 1553, pl. 2, figs. 6, 10, 21; Proschkina-Lavrenko (1949), p. 87, pl. 84, figs. 11a–11c.

Xanthioisthmus maculata (Hanna) Suto (2006a), pp. 13, 15, 16, figs. 2H, 2I; pl. 4, figs. 1–11 (Pl. P13, figs. 19, 20).

Basionym: Xanthiopyxis maculata Hanna (1932), p. 225, pl. 18, fig. 4.

Synonym: Xanthiopyxis panduraeformis Pantocsek of Schrader and Fenner (1976), p. 1003, pl. 45, fig. 7.

Xanthioisthmus sp. A (Pl. P13, figs. 21, 22).

Xanthiopyxis acrolopha Forti (1912), p. 84; Forti (1913), p. 1556, pl. 2, figs. 22, 24, 27, 28, 30–37; Hanna (1927), p. 124, pl. 21, figs. 10, 11; Hanna (1932), p. 224; Proschkina-Lavrenko (1949), p. 86, pl. 84, figs. 2a, 2b; Kanaya (1959), p. 121, pl. 11, figs. 8a, 8b; Fenner (1978), p. 536, pl. 35, figs. 25, 26; Hajós (1986), pl. 21, figs. 16, 17 not pl. 4, fig. 8; Desikachary and Sreelatha (1989), p. 286, pl. 139, fig. 3 (Pl. P14, figs. 1–7).

Synonym: Xanthiopyxis cingulata Ehrenberg of Forti (1913), pl. 2, fig. 29; Xanthiopyxis cf. acrolopha Forti of Hajós (1976), p. 826, pl. 11, fig. 6; pl. 17, figs. 4, 10, 12; pl. 21, fig. 5; Xanthiopyxis oblonga Ehrenberg of Schrader (1976), p. 637, pl. 14, fig. 4; Xanthiopyxis sp. of Sanfilippo and Fourtanier (2003), pl. P3, fig. 10.

Xanthiopyxis circulatus Suto (2004d), p. 297, figs. 1.F, 7.18–7.30 (no illustrations).

Xanthiopyxis globosa Ehrenberg (1844c [1845]), p. 273; Forti (1913), p. 1557, pl. 2, figs. 39–49; Hanna (1932), p. 224, pl. 18, fig. 3; Proschkina-Lavrenko (1949), p. 87, pl. 84, figs. 12a, 12b not pl. 32, figs. 5a, 5b; Jousé (1963), p. 117, fig. 105; McCollum (1975), p. 536, pl. 15, figs. 6–9; Schrader and Fenner (1976), pl. 40, figs. 15, 17; Jousé (1977), pl. 30, fig. 49; pl. 33, fig. 10 not figs. 9, 11; Dzinoridze et al. (1978), pl. 17, fig. 2; Fenner (1978), p. 536, pl. 37, figs. 1, 2; Jousé in Dzinoridze et al. (1979), p. 62, fig. 159; Hajós (1986), pl. 16, figs. 12, 13; pl. 43, fig. 7; Homann (1991), p. 142, pl. 57, figs. 8, 13; Suto (2004d), pp. 301, 303, figs. 1.K, 14.9–14.14 (no illustrations).

Synonym: Xanthiopyxis oblonga Ehrenberg of Kanaya (1959), p. 121, pl. 11, figs. 9, 10; Gleser et al. (1974), pl. 36, fig. 7; Lee (1993), p. 45, pl. 2, fig. 21; pl. 3, figs. 13, 17 not pl. 2, figs. 11, 26; pl. 3, fig. 23.

Xanthiopyxis hirsuta Hanna et Grant (1926), p. 170, pl. 21, fig. 10; Fenner (1978), p. 536, pl. 35, figs. 7, 8; Suto (2004d), pp. 297, 299, figs. 1.I1, 1.I2, 11.25–11.28, 13.8; Suto et al. (2013), p. 37, pl. P10, figs. 79–84 (no illustrations).

Synonym: Xanthiopyxis micropunctatus Hajós (1968), p. 117, pl. 28, figs. 1, 2; Indet. sp. of Hajós (1986), pl. 10, figs. 1–4; Porifera of Hajós (1986), pl. 34, figs. 17–19.

Xanthiopyxis oblonga Ehrenberg (1844c [1845]), p. 273 (no illustration); Ehrenberg (1854), pl. 33, group 17, fig. 17; Forti (1913), pl. 2, fig. 38; Hanna and Grant (1926), p. 170, pl. 21, fig. 11; Hanna (1927), p. 124; Hanna (1932), p. 226; Lohman (1948), p. 179; Proschkina-Lavrenko (1949), p. 86, pl. 84, fig. 3; Kanaya (1957), p. 116, pl. 8, figs. 12a, 12b; Kanaya (1959), p. 121, pl. 11, figs. 9, 10; Sheshukova-Poretzkaya (1967), p. 180, pl. 24, fig. 5; pl. 26, fig. 2; Wornardt (1967), p. 72, figs. 146–149; Hajós (1968), p. 115, pl. 28, figs. 16, 17, 20, 21; Lohman (1974), p. 349, pl. 5, fig. 7; Gleser et al. (1974), pl. 31, fig. 11; pl. 36, fig. 7; pl. 40, fig. 2; Hajós (1976), p. 826, pl. 17, fig. 11; Schrader and Fenner (1976), p. 1003, pl. 39, figs. 9, 10; pl. 40, fig. 5; Hasegawa (1977), p. 90, pl. 25, figs. 22a–22c; Jousé in Dzinoridze et al. (1979), p. 62, fig. 158; Hajós (1986), pl. 21, figs. 21, 22; Lee (1993), p. 45, pl. 2, figs. 11, 26; pl. 3, fig. 23 not pl. 2, fig. 21; pl. 3, figs. 13, 17; Harwood and Bohaty (2000), p. 94, pl. 9, figs. v, w; Suto (2004d), pp. 299, 301, figs. 1.J, 13.10, 13.11, 14.1–14.8 (Pl. P14, figs. 8, 9).

Synonym: Xanthiopyxis hystrix Forti (1913), p. 1553, pl. 2, figs. 7–9; Proschkina-Lavrenko (1949), p. 86, pl. 84, figs. 5a, 5b; Fenner (1978), p. 536, pl. 36, figs. 1, 2; Hajós (1986), pl. 4, fig. 9; pl. 16, fig. 7; Xanthiopyxis globosa Ehrenberg of Proschkina-Lavrenko (1949), p. 87, pl. 32, figs. 5a, 5b not pl. 84, figs. 12a, 12b; Jousé (1977), pl. 33, figs. 9, 11 not pl. 30, fig. 49; pl. 33, fig. 10; Schrader and Schuette (1981), p. 1192, figs. 9, 10; Stephanopyxis? limbata Ehrenberg var. crista-galli of Kanaya (1959), p. 70, pl. 30, figs. 1a, 1b; Xanthiopyxis acrolopha Forti of McCollum (1975), p. 536, pl. 15, figs. 4, 5; Dzinoridze et al. (1978), pl. 17, fig. 13; Hajós (1986), pl. 4, fig. 8; Lee (1993), p. 44, pl. 1, fig. 24; Xanthiopyxis oblonga? of Fenner (1978), pl. 35, fig. 18; Pyxidicula oblonga (Ehrenberg) Kuetzing of Desikachary and Sreelatha (1989), p. 219, pl. 142, figs. 7, 8; pl. 139, fig. 7; Xanthiopyxis Ehrenberg of Hargraves (1986), p. 72, figs. 21–23.

Xanthiopyxis polaris Gran (1904), pp. 51, 52, pl. 3, figs. 16–19; Suto (2004d), figs. 1.A, 7.1–7.17; Suto et al. (2013), p. 37, pl. P10, figs. 85, 86 (no illustrations).

Synonym: Chaetoceros spp. of Jousé (1977), pl. 15, fig. 15; Spora of Dzinoridze et al. (1978), pl. 15, fig. 18.

Xanthiopyxis type A (knobbly type) of Suto (2004d), p. 303, figs. 1.L1, 1.L2, 7.32–7.35, 10.1–10.28; Suto et al. (2013), p. 37, pl. P9, figs. 57–62; pl. P12, fig. 7 (Pl. P14, figs. 10, 11).

Synonym: See Suto (2004d).

Xanthiopyxis type B (short spiny type) of Suto (2004d), pp. 303, 307, figs. 1.M1, 1.M2, 12.1–12.32, 13.1–13.7; Suto et al. (2013), p. 37, pl. P9, figs. 63–78; pl. P12, fig. 8 (Pl. P14, figs. 12, 13).

Synonym: See Suto (2004d).

Xanthiopyxis type C (long spiny type) of Suto (2004d), p. 307, figs. 1.N, 12.33–12.40; Suto et al. (2013), p. 37, pl. P9, figs. 79–84 (no illustrations).

Synonym: See Suto (2004d).

Hyaline type valves of resting spores of Suto et al. (2013), p. 37, pl. P9, figs. 85–96 (no illustrations).

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