Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program
Volume 391
Walvis Ridge Hotspot
Expedition 391 of the R/V JOIDES Resolution
from and to Cape Town, South Africa
Sites U1575–U1578
6 December 2021–5 February 2022
Expedition 397T of the R/V JOIDES Resolution
from Cape Town, South Africa, to Lisbon, Portugal
Sites U1584 and U1585
10 September–11 October 2022
Volume authorship
Sager, W., Hoernle, K., Höfig, T.W., Blum, P., and the Expedition 391 Scientists
Published by
International Ocean Discovery Program
Publisher's notes
This publication was prepared by the JOIDES Resolution Science Operator (JRSO) at Texas A&M University (TAMU) as an account of work performed under the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP). This material is based upon work supported by the JRSO, which is a major facility funded by the National Science Foundation Cooperative Agreement Number OCE1326927. Funding for IODP is provided by the following international partners:
- National Science Foundation (NSF), United States
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan
- European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling (ECORD)
- Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), People's Republic of China
- Australia-New Zealand IODP Consortium (ANZIC)
- Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), India
The JRSO is supported by the NSF. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material do not necessarily reflect the views of the NSF, the participating agencies, TAMU, or Texas A&M Research Foundation.
The bulk of the shipboard-collected core data from this expedition is accessible at https://zenodo.org/
Supplemental data were provided by the authors and may not conform to IODP publication formats.
JRSO expedition photos are the property of IODP and are public access.
Some core photographs have been tonally enhanced to better illustrate particular features of interest. High-resolution images are available upon request.
Cover photograph shows pillow lavas and glassy rims, Section 391-U1575A-35R-1 (left), sediment/basement contact, Section 391-U1577A-18R-1 (middle), and massive lava flow, Section 391-U1577A-23R-2 (right). Photo credit: IODP JRSO.
Copyright
Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/
Examples of how to cite this volume or part of this volume are available at http://publications.iodp.org/
ISSN
ISBN
Volume DOI
https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.391.2023
Publication date
Contents
Expedition reports
Chapters
PDF
Figures
Table
Cited by
Updates
PDF
Figures
Tables
Cited by
Updates
PDF
Figures
Tables
Cited by
Updates
Core descriptions
Visual core descriptions (VCDs) are presented in PDF files for each site.
Thin sections and/or smear slides for each site or hole are presented in CSV or PDF format in the CORES directory and in Excel format in DESC_WKB in Supplementary material. The entire set of core images in PDF is available in the IMAGES directory.
Site U1575: Visual core descriptions · Smear slides · Thin sections
Site U1576: Visual core descriptions · Smear slides · Thin sections
Site U1577: Visual core descriptions · Smear slides · Thin sections
Site U1578: Visual core descriptions · Smear slides · Thin sections
Site U1584: Visual core descriptions · Thin sections
Site U1585: Visual core descriptions · Thin sections
Supplementary material
Supplementary material for the Volume 391 expedition reports includes DESClogik workbooks in Microsoft Excel format. A full list of directories can be found in SUPP_MAT in the volume zip folder or on the Supplementary material for Volume 391 expedition reports web page.
Expedition research results
Data reports
Drilling location maps
A site map showing the drilling locations for this expedition and maps showing the drilling locations of all International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) expeditions, produced using QGIS (http://www.qgis.org), and all Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, Ocean Drilling Program (ODP), and Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) expeditions, produced using Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) of Paul Wessel and Walter H.F. Smith (https://www.generic-mapping-tools.org), are available in PDF.
- IODP Expedition 391 site map
- IODP map
- Integrated Ocean Drilling Program map (Expeditions 301–348)
- ODP map (Legs 100–210)
- DSDP map (Legs 1–96)
Acknowledgments
This research used samples and data provided by the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP). We are grateful to the IODP Technical Support staff and the R/V JOIDES Resolution crew for their invaluable assistance and dedication during what was a challenging expedition. The resolve of the Technical Support staff was unmatched. Scientific drilling would be impossible without the efforts of many to collect site survey data. We thank the captain, crews, and science/technical teams of the R/Vs Thomas G. Thompson (Cruise TN373), Polarstern, Maria S. Merian (Cruise ANT23-5), and Meteor (Cruise 49-1). The success of the expedition was also enabled by the support of the IODP Science Evaluation Panel and the Environmental Protection and Safety Panel as well as the National Commission on Research, Science and Technology of Namibia and the Namibian Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism. Support for workshops to develop the expedition objectives was provided by the IODP US Science Support Program. Funding for site survey Cruise TN373 was provided by National Science Foundation Grant OCE1832197. For the ANT23-5 cruise, funding was provided by German Research Foundation Grant JO-191/15-1 within the special program "The South Atlantic Margin Processes and Links with Onshore Evolution." We thank the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research for funding R/V Sonne Cruise SO233 to obtain data that helped drill sites. The editorial staff at the IODP JOIDES Resolution Science Operator at Texas A&M University is thanked for their help with the publication of this document.
Foreword
The International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) represents the latest incarnation of almost five decades of scientific ocean drilling excellence and is generally accepted as the most successful international collaboration in the history of the Earth sciences. IODP builds seamlessly on the accomplishments of previous phases: the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Ocean Drilling Program, and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program. The 2013–2023 IODP Science Plan (Illuminating Earth's Past, Present, and Future) defines four themes and thirteen challenges for this decade of scientific ocean drilling that are both of fundamental importance in understanding how the Earth works and of significant relevance to society as the Earth changes, at least in part in response to anthropogenic forcing. This phase of IODP represents an intense level of international collaboration in bringing diverse drilling platforms and strategies to increasing our understanding of climate and ocean change, the deep biosphere and evolution of ecosystems, connections between Earth's deep processes and surface manifestations, and geologically induced hazards on human timeframes.
The Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program presents the scientific and engineering results of IODP drilling projects, expedition by expedition. As in the preceding Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, expeditions in the current IODP phase are conducted by three implementing organizations, each providing a different drilling capability. These are the US Implementing Organization (USIO; through September 2014) and the JOIDES Resolution Science Operator (JRSO; as of October 2014), providing the leased commercial vessel JOIDES Resolution for riserless drilling operations; JAMSTEC's Institute for Marine-Earth Exploration and Engineering (MarE3), providing the drillship Chikyu for riser and occasional riserless operations; and the European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling (ECORD) Science Operator (ESO), providing "mission-specific" platforms (MSPs) for expeditions that extend the IODP operational range where neither drillship is suitable, for example, in polar environments and in shallow waters. Scheduling decisions for each capability are made by three independent Facility Boards, each of which includes scientists, operators, and platform funding partners: the JOIDES Resolution Facility Board (JRFB), Chikyu IODP Board (CIB), and ECORD Facility Board (EFB). At the beginning of the current IODP, the three Facility Boards agreed to utilize Publication Services at the USIO and now the JRSO for production of all expedition Proceedings volumes and reports.
The current IODP differs from prior scientific ocean drilling programs in that it has neither a central management organization nor commingled funding for program-wide activities. Yet this phase of IODP retains a fundamental integrative structural element: a "bottom-up" evaluation of all proposals for drilling expeditions by a single advisory structure composed of scientists representing all international program partners. International scientists may submit drilling proposals to the Science Support Office; all submitted proposals are then evaluated by a Science Evaluation Panel in the context of the Science Plan.
The current IODP also has an international integrative level for high-level discussion and global consensus-building: the IODP Forum. The Forum is not only charged with assessing program-wide progress toward achieving the current Science Plan, but also with overseeing approaches toward a new bright future of scientific ocean drilling post 2023. At present, IODP involves 22 international funding agencies, including those from the United States, Japan, an Australia/New Zealand consortium (ANZIC), China, India, South Korea, and the 15 members of ECORD (Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom). The IODP membership represents an unparalleled level of international collaboration; one of the greatest and ongoing strengths of scientific ocean drilling.
Henk Brinkhuis
Chair, IODP Forum
Reviewers for this volume
Pending.
International Ocean Discovery Program
JOIDES Resolution Science Operator
Website: http://iodp.tamu.edu
IODP JRSO
International Ocean Discovery Program
Tel: (979) 845-2673; Fax: (979) 845-4857
Email: information@iodp.tamu.edu
IODP JRSO Curation and Laboratories
IODP Gulf Coast Repository (GCR)
Tel: (979) 845-8490; Fax: (979) 845-1303
Email: curator@iodp.tamu.edu
European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling, Science Operator (ESO)
Website: http://www.ecord.org
IODP ESO Coordinator: Science, Logistics, and Operations
Tel: (44) 131-667-1000; Fax: (44) 131-668-4140
Email: eso@bgs.ac.uk
IODP ESO Petrophysics
European Petrophysics Consortium
Tel: (44) 116-252-3611; Fax: (44) 116-252-3918
Email: sjd27@leicester.ac.uk
IODP ESO Curation and Laboratories
IODP Bremen Core Repository (BCR)
Center for Marine Environmental Sciences (MARUM)
Tel: (49) 421-218-65560; Fax: (49) 421-218-98-65560
Email: bcr@marum.de
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
Website: http://www.jamstec.go.jp/chikyu/e
IODP Japan Science Operator
Institute for Marine-Earth Exploration and Engineering (MarE3)
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences
Tel: (81) 45-778-5643; Fax: (81) 45-778-5704
Email: mare3-exp@jamstec.go.jp
IODP Japan Curation and Laboratories
IODP Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research (KCC)
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
Tel: (81) 88-864-6705; Fax: (81) 88-878-2192
Email: kcc.contact@jamstec.go.jp
Expedition 391 participants*
Expedition 391 scientists
Earth and Atmospheric Sciences
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel
Expedition Project Manager/Staff Scientist
International Ocean Discovery Program
Micropaleontologist (nannofossils)
Rajneesh Bhutani†
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences
Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie
claire.carvallo@sorbonne-universite.fr
Cornelia Class†
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
Giacomo Dalla Valle†
giacomo.dalla.valle@bo.ismar.cnr.it
Micropaleontologist (foraminifera/nannofossils)
arianna.del-gaudio@uni-graz.at
Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences
School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering
Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
Stephan Homrighausen†
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences
Chun-Feng Li†
Department of Physics, Astronomy & Geosciences
Physical Properties Specialist
Physical Properties Specialist
Simone Pujatti†
Physical Properties Specialist
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences
Xiao-Jun Wang†
School of Environmental Sciences
Expedition 391 outreach
New York City Department of Education
Expedition 391 observers
Physical Properties Specialist
Expedition 397T scientists
Earth and Atmospheric Sciences
International Ocean Discovery Program
Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie
claire.carvallo@sorbonne-universite.fr
College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences
Department of Physics, Astronomy & Geosciences
School of Environmental Sciences
Expedition 397T outreach
New York City Department of Education
Present affiliation (5 December 2022):
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
Expedition 397T observer
*Affiliations at time of expedition, except where updated by participants.
†Participated in shipboard and shore-based operations.
Operational and technical staff
Siem Offshore AS officials
Expedition 391
Expedition 397T
Harm Cornelis Theodoor Nienhuis
JRSO shipboard personnel and technical representatives
Expedition 391
Marine Instrumentation Specialist
Marine Instrumentation Specialist
Expedition 397T
Marine Instrumentation Specialist
IODP Publication Services staff*
Manager of Publication Services
Expedition-related bibliography*
Citation data for IODP publications and journal articles in RIS format
IODP publications
Scientific Prospectus
Sager, W., Hoernle, K., and Petronotis, K., 2020. Expedition 391 Scientific Prospectus: Walvis Ridge Hotspot. International Ocean Discovery Program. https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.sp.391.2020
Sager, W., Hoernle, K., and Petronotis, K., 2021. Expedition 391 Scientific Prospectus Addendum: Walvis Ridge Hotspot. International Ocean Discovery Program. https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.sp.391add.2021
Sager, W.W., Hoernle, K., and Blum, P., 2022. Expedition 397T Scientific Prospectus: Return to Walvis Ridge Hotspot. International Ocean Discovery Program. https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.sp.397T.2022
Preliminary Report
Sager, W., Hoernle, K., Höfig, T.W., and the Expedition 391 Scientists, 2022. Expedition 391 Preliminary Report: Walvis Ridge Hotspot. International Ocean Discovery Program. https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.pr.391.2022
Sager, W., Blum, P., and the Expedition 397T Scientists, 2023. Expedition 397T Preliminary Report: Return to Walvis Ridge Hotspot. International Ocean Discovery Program. https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.pr.397T.2023
Proceedings volume
Sager, W., Hoernle, K., Höfig, T.W., Blum, P., and the Expedition 391 Scientists, 2023. Walvis Ridge Hotspot. Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, 391: College Station, TX (International Ocean Discovery Program). https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.391.2023
Expedition reports
Sager, W., Hoernle, K., Höfig, T.W., Avery, A.J., Bhutani, R., Buchs, D.M., Carvallo, C.A., Class, C., Dai, Y., Dalla Valle, G., Del Gaudio, A.V., Fielding, S., Gaastra, K.M., Han, S., Homrighausen, S., Kubota, Y., Li, C.-F., Nelson, W.R., Petrou, E., Potter, K.E., Pujatti, S., Scholpp, J., Shervais, J.W., Thoram, S., Tikoo-Schantz, S.M., Tshiningayamwe, M., Wang, X.-J., and Widdowson, M., 2023. Expedition 391 summary. In Sager, W., Hoernle, K., Höfig, T.W., Blum, P., and the Expedition 391 Scientists, Walvis Ridge Hotspot. Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, 391: College Station, TX (International Ocean Discovery Program). https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.391.101.2023
Sager, W., Blum, P., Bhutani, R., Carvallo, C.A., Heaton, D., Nelson, W.R., Tshiningayamwe, M., Widdowson, M., and the Expedition 391 Scientists, 2023. Expedition 397T summary. In Sager, W., Hoernle, K., Höfig, T.W., Blum, P., and the Expedition 391 Scientists, Walvis Ridge Hotspot. Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, 391: College Station, TX (International Ocean Discovery Program). https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.391.109.2023
Sager, W., Hoernle, K., Höfig, T.W., Avery, A.J., Bhutani, R., Buchs, D.M., Carvallo, C.A., Class, C., Dai, Y., Dalla Valle, G., Del Gaudio, A.V., Fielding, S., Gaastra, K.M., Han, S., Homrighausen, S., Kubota, Y., Li, C.-F., Nelson, W.R., Petrou, E., Potter, K.E., Pujatti, S., Scholpp, J., Shervais, J.W., Thoram, S., Tikoo-Schantz, S.M., Tshiningayamwe, M., Wang, X.-J., and Widdowson, M., 2023. Expedition 391 methods. In Sager, W., Hoernle, K., Höfig, T.W., Blum, P., and the Expedition 391 Scientists, Walvis Ridge Hotspot. Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, 391: College Station, TX (International Ocean Discovery Program). https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.391.102.2023
Sager, W., Hoernle, K., Höfig, T.W., Avery, A.J., Bhutani, R., Buchs, D.M., Carvallo, C.A., Class, C., Dai, Y., Dalla Valle, G., Del Gaudio, A.V., Fielding, S., Gaastra, K.M., Han, S., Homrighausen, S., Kubota, Y., Li, C.-F., Nelson, W.R., Petrou, E., Potter, K.E., Pujatti, S., Scholpp, J., Shervais, J.W., Thoram, S., Tikoo-Schantz, S.M., Tshiningayamwe, M., Wang, X.-J., and Widdowson, M., 2023. Site U1575. In Sager, W., Hoernle, K., Höfig, T.W., Blum, P., and the Expedition 391 Scientists, Walvis Ridge Hotspot. Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, 391: College Station, TX (International Ocean Discovery Program). https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.391.103.2023
Sager, W., Hoernle, K., Höfig, T.W., Avery, A.J., Bhutani, R., Buchs, D.M., Carvallo, C.A., Class, C., Dai, Y., Dalla Valle, G., Del Gaudio, A.V., Fielding, S., Gaastra, K.M., Han, S., Homrighausen, S., Kubota, Y., Li, C.-F., Nelson, W.R., Petrou, E., Potter, K.E., Pujatti, S., Scholpp, J., Shervais, J.W., Thoram, S., Tikoo-Schantz, S.M., Tshiningayamwe, M., Wang, X.-J., and Widdowson, M., 2023. Site U1576. In Sager, W., Hoernle, K., Höfig, T.W., Blum, P., and the Expedition 391 Scientists, Walvis Ridge Hotspot. Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, 391: College Station, TX (International Ocean Discovery Program). https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.391.104.2023
Sager, W., Hoernle, K., Höfig, T.W., Avery, A.J., Bhutani, R., Buchs, D.M., Carvallo, C.A., Class, C., Dai, Y., Dalla Valle, G., Del Gaudio, A.V., Fielding, S., Gaastra, K.M., Han, S., Homrighausen, S., Kubota, Y., Li, C.-F., Nelson, W.R., Petrou, E., Potter, K.E., Pujatti, S., Scholpp, J., Shervais, J.W., Thoram, S., Tikoo-Schantz, S.M., Tshiningayamwe, M., Wang, X.-J., and Widdowson, M., 2023. Site U1577. In Sager, W., Hoernle, K., Höfig, T.W., Blum, P., and the Expedition 391 Scientists, Walvis Ridge Hotspot. Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, 391: College Station, TX (International Ocean Discovery Program). https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.391.105.2023
Sager, W., Hoernle, K., Höfig, T.W., Avery, A.J., Bhutani, R., Buchs, D.M., Carvallo, C.A., Class, C., Dai, Y., Dalla Valle, G., Del Gaudio, A.V., Fielding, S., Gaastra, K.M., Han, S., Homrighausen, S., Kubota, Y., Li, C.-F., Nelson, W.R., Petrou, E., Potter, K.E., Pujatti, S., Scholpp, J., Shervais, J.W., Thoram, S., Tikoo-Schantz, S.M., Tshiningayamwe, M., Wang, X.-J., and Widdowson, M., 2023. Site U1578. In Sager, W., Hoernle, K., Höfig, T.W., Blum, P., and the Expedition 391 Scientists, Walvis Ridge Hotspot. Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, 391: College Station, TX (International Ocean Discovery Program). https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.391.106.2023
Sager, W., Blum, P., Bhutani, R., Carvallo, C.A., Heaton, D., Nelson, W.R., Tshiningayamwe, M., Widdowson, M., and the Expedition 391 Scientists, 2023. Site U1584. In Sager, W., Hoernle, K., Höfig, T.W., Blum, P., and the Expedition 391 Scientists, Walvis Ridge Hotspot. Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, 391: College Station, TX (International Ocean Discovery Program). https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.391.107.2023
Sager, W., Blum, P., Bhutani, R., Carvallo, C.A., Heaton, D., Nelson, W.R., Tshiningayamwe, M., Widdowson, M., and the Expedition 391 Scientists, 2023. Site U1585. In Sager, W., Hoernle, K., Höfig, T.W., Blum, P., and the Expedition 391 Scientists, Walvis Ridge Hotspot. Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, 391: College Station, TX (International Ocean Discovery Program). https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.391.108.2023
Supplementary material
Sager, W., Hoernle, K., Höfig, T.W., and the Expedition 391 Scientists, 2023. Supplementary material, https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.391supp.2023. In Sager, W., Hoernle, K., Höfig, T.W., Blum, P., and the Expedition 391 Scientists, Walvis Ridge Hotspot. Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, 391: College Station, TX (International Ocean Discovery Program).
Expedition research results
Pending.
Journals/Books
Thoram, S., Sager, W.W., Gaastra, K., Tikoo, S.M., Carvallo, C., Avery, A., Del Gaudio, A.V., Huang, Y., Hoernle, K., Höfig, T.W., Bhutani, R., Buchs, D.M., Class, C., Dai, Y., Valle, G.D., Fielding, S., Han, S., Heaton, D.E., Homrighausen, S., Kubota, Y., Li, C.-F., Nelson, W.R., Petrou, E., Potter, K.E., Pujatti, S., Scholpp, J., Shervais, J.W., Tshiningayamwe, M., Wang, X.J., and Widdowson, M., 2023. Nature and origin of magnetic lineations within Valdivia Bank: ocean plateau formation by complex seafloor spreading. Geophysical Research Letters, 50(13):e2023GL103415. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103415
Yang, H., Tikoo, S.M., Carvallo, C., Bilardello, D., Solheid, P., Gaastra, K.M., Sager, W.W., Thoram, S., Hoernle, K., Höfig, T.W., Avery, A., Del Gaudio, A.V., Huang, Y., Bhutani, R., Buchs, D.M., Class, C., Dai, Y., Dalla Valle, G., Fielding, S., Han, S., Heaton, D.E., Homrighausen, S., Kubota, Y., Li, C.-F., Nelson, W.R., Petrou, E., Potter, K.E., Pujatti, S., Scholpp, J., Shervais, J.W., Tshiningayamwe, M., Wang, X.J., and Widdowson, M., 2024. Preliminary characterization of submarine basalt magnetic mineralogy using amplitude-dependence of magnetic susceptibility. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 25(2):e2023GC011222. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GC011222
Conferences
Pending.
*The Expedition-related bibliography is continually updated online. Please send updates to PubCrd@iodp.tamu.edu.