IODP Proceedings    Volume contents     Search

doi:10.2204/iodp.proc.309312.103.2006

References

Albarède, F., 1995. Introduction to Geochemical Modeling: Cambridge (Cambridge Univ. Press).

Alt, J.C., 1995. Subseafloor processes in mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems. In Humphris, S.E., Zierenberg, R., Mullineaux, L., and Thomson, R. (Eds.), Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological and Geological Interactions within Hydrothermal Systems. Geophys. Monogr., 91:85–114.

Alt, J.C., 1999. Very low grade hydrothermal metamorphism of basic igneous rocks. In Frey, M., and Robinson, D. (Eds.), Very Low Grade Metamorphism: Cambridge (Blackwell), 169–201.

Alt, J.C., 2004. Alteration of the upper oceanic crust: mineralogy, chemistry, and processes. In Elderfield, H., and Davis, E. (Eds.), Hydrogeology of the Oceanic Lithosphere: New York (Cambridge Univ. Press), 456–488.

Alt, J.C., Davidson, G.J., Teagle, D.A.H., and Karson, J.A., 2003. The isotopic composition of gypsum in the Macquarie Island ophiolite: implications for the sulfur cycle and the subsurface biosphere in oceanic crust. Geology, 31:549–552. doi:10.1130/​0091-7613(2003)031<0549:ICOGIT>2.0.CO;2

Alt, J.C., Honnorez, J., Laverne, C., and Emmermann, R., 1986. Hydrothermal alteration of a 1 km section through the upper oceanic crust, Deep Sea Drilling Project Hole 504B: mineralogy, chemistry, and evolution of seawater-basalt interactions. J. Geophys. Res., 91:10309–10335.

Alt, J.C., Kinoshita, H., Stokking, L.B., et al., 1993. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 148: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).

Alt, J.C., Laverne, C., Vanko, D.A., Tartarotti, P., Teagle, D.A.H., Bach, W., Zuleger, E., Erzinger, J., Honnorez, J., Pezard, P.A., Becker, K., Salisbury, M.H., and Wilkens, R.H., 1996. Hydrothermal alteration of a section of upper oceanic crust in the eastern equatorial Pacific: a synthesis of results from Site 504 (DSDP Legs 69, 70, and 83, and ODP Legs 111, 137, 140, and 148.) In Alt, J.C., Kinoshita, H., Stokking, L.B., and Michael, P.J. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 148: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 417–434.

Alt, J.C., and Teagle, D.A.H., 2000. Hydrothermal alteration and fluid fluxes in ophiolites and oceanic crust. In Dilek, Y., Moores, E., Elthon, D., and Nicolas, A. (Eds.), Ophiolites and Oceanic Crust: New Insights from Field Studies and the Ocean Drilling Program. Spec. Pap.—Geol. Soc. Am., 349:273–282.

Alt, J.C., Teagle, D.A.H., Laverne, C., Vanko, D.A., Bach, W., Honnorez, J., Becker, K., Ayadi, M., and Pezard, P.A., 1996. Ridge-flank alteration of upper ocean crust in the Eastern Pacific: synthesis of results for volcanic rocks of Holes 504B and 896A. In Alt, J.C., Kinoshita, H., Stokking, L.B., and Michael, P.J. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 148: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 435–450.

Anderson, A.T., Jr., Swihart, G.H., Artioli, G., and Geiger, C.A., 1984. Segregation vesicles, gas-filter-pressing, and igneous differentiation. J. Geol., 92:55–72.

Autio, L.K., and Rhodes, J.M., 1983. Costa Rica Rift Zone basalts: geochemical and experimental data from a possible example of multistage melting. In Cann, J.R., Langseth, M.G., Honnorez, J., Von Herzen, R.P., White, S.M., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 69: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 729–745.

Bach, W., and Irber, W., 1998. Rare earth element mobility in the oceanic lower sheeted dyke complex: evidence from geochemical data and leaching experiments. Chem. Geol., 151:309–326. doi:10.1016/​S0009-2541(98)00087-4

Bach, W., Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B., Hart, S.R., and Blusztajn, J.S., 2003. Geochemistry of hydrothermally altered oceanic crust: DSDP/ODP Hole 504B—implications for seawater-crust exchange budgets and Sr- and Pb-isotopic evolution of the mantle. Geochem., Geophys., Geosyst., 4(3). doi:10.1029/​2002GC000419

Banerjee, N.R., and Muehlenbachs, K., 2003. Tuff life: bioalteration in volcaniclastic rocks from the Ontong Java Plateau. Geochem., Geophys., Geosyst., 4. doi:10.1029/​2002GC000470.

Bascom, W., 1961. A Hole in the Bottom of the Sea: New York (Doubleday).

Batiza, R., and Niu, Y., 1992. Petrology and magma chamber processes at the East Pacific Rise—9°30′N. J. Geophys. Res., 97:6779–6797.

Becker, K., Foss, G., et al., 1992. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 137: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).

Becker, K., Sakai, H., et al., 1988. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 111: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program). doi:10.2973/​odp.proc.ir.111.1988

Bickle, M.J., and Teagle, D.A.H., 1992. Strontium alteration in the Troodos ophiolite: implications for fluid fluxes and geochemical transport in mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 113:219–237. doi:10.1016/​0012-821X(92)90221-G

Blackman, D.K., Ildefonse, B., John, B.E., Ohara, Y., Miller, D.J., MacLeod, C.J., and the Expedition 304/305 Scientists, 2006. Proc IODP, 304/305: College Station, TX (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Inc.). doi:10.2204/​iodp.proc.304305.2006

Blake, R.E., Alt, J.C., and Martini, A.M., 2001. Oxygen isotope ratios of PO4: an inorganic indicator of enzymatic activity and P metabolism and a new biomarker in the search for life. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 98(5):2148–2153. doi:10.1073/​pnas.051515898

Bleil, U., and Petersen, N., 1983. Variations in magnetization intensity and low-temperature titanomagnetite oxidation of ocean floor basalts. Nature (London, U. K.), 301:384–388. doi:10.1038/​301384a0

Blum, P., 1997. Physical properties handbook: a guide to the shipboard measurement of physical properties of deep-sea cores. ODP Tech. Note, 26 [Online]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www-odp.tamu.edu/​publications/​tnotes/​tn26/​INDEX.HTM.

Böhkle, J.K., Honnorez, J., and Honnorez-Guerstein, B.M., 1980. Alteration of basalts from site 396B, DSDP: petrographic and mineralogical studies. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 73:341–364.

Boudier, F., Godard, M., and Armbruster, C., 2000. Significance of gabbronorite occurrence in the crustal section of the Semail ophiolite. Mar. Geophys. Res., 21:307–326. doi:10.1023/​A:1026726232402

Bryan, W.B., 1972. Morphology of quench crystals in submarine basalts. J. Geophys. Res., 77:5812–5819.

Butler, R.F., 1992. Paleomagnetism: Magnetic Domains to Geologic Terranes: Boston (Blackwell).

Cande, S.C., and Kent, D.V., 1995. Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic. J. Geophys. Res., 100:6093–6095. doi:10.1029/​94JB03098

Carbotte, E., and MacDonald, K., 1992. East Pacific Rise 8°–10°30′N: evolution of ridge segments and discontinuities from SeaMARC II and three-dimensional magnetic studies. J. Geophys. Res., 97:6959–6982.

Carbotte, S., Mutter, C., Mutter, J., and Ponce-Correa, G., 1997a. Influence of magma supply and spreading rate on crustal magma bodies and emplacement of the extrusive layer: insights from the East Pacific Rise at lat 16°N. Geology, 26:455–458. doi:10.1130/​0091-7613(1998)026<0455:IOMSAS>2.3.CO;2

Carbotte, S.M., Mutter, J.C., and Xu, L., 1997b. Contribution of volcanism and tectonism to axial and flank morphology of the southern East Pacific Rise, 17°10′–17°40′S, from a study of Layer 2A geometry. J. Geophys. Res., 102(B5):10165–10184. doi:10.1029/​96JB03910

Carlson, R.L., and Herrick, C.N., 1990. Densities and porosities in the oceanic crust and their variations with depth and age. J. Geophys. Res., 95:9153–9170.

Coggon, R.M., Teagle, D.A.H., Cooper, M.J., and Vanko, D.A., 2004. Linking basement carbonate vein compositions to porewater geochemistry across the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, ODP Leg 168. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 219:111–128. doi:10.1016/​S0012-821X(03)00697-6

Coogan, L.A., Jenkin, G.R.T., and Wilson, R.N., 2002a. Constraining the cooling rate of the lower oceanic crust: a new approach applied to the Oman ophiolite. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 199(1–2):127–146. doi:10.1016/​S0012-821X(02)00554-X

Coogan, L.A., Thompson, G., and MacLeod, C.J., 2002b. A textural and geochemical investigation of high level gabbros from the Oman ophiolite: implications for the role of the axial magma chamber at fast spreading ridges. Lithos, 63:67-82. doi:10.1016/​S0024-4937(02)00114-7

Davis, E.E., Fisher, A.T., Firth, J.V., et al., 1997. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 168: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program). [HTML]

Davis, E.E., Mottl, M.J., Fisher, A.T., et al., 1992. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 139: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).

DeMets, C., Gordon, R.G., Argus, D.F., and Stein, S., 1990. Current plate motions. Geophys. J. Internat., 101:425–478.

Detrick, R., Collins, J., Stephen, R., and Swift, S., 1994. In situ evidence for the nature of the seismic Layer 2/3 boundary in oceanic crust. Nature (London, U. K.), 370:288–290. doi:10.1038/​370288a0

Detrick, R.S., Toomey, D.R., and Collins, J.A., 1998. Three-dimensional upper crustal heterogeneity and anisotropy around Hole 504B from seismic topography. J. Geophys. Res., 103(B12):30485–30504. doi:10.1029/​98JB02409

Dick, H.J.B., Erzinger, J., Stokking, L.B., et al., 1992. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 140: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).

Dick, H.J.B., Natland, J.H., Miller, D.J., et al., 1999. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 176 [CD-ROM]. Available from: Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845-9547, U.S.A. [HTML]

DMT GeoTec, 1996. DMT CoreScan Color User’s Manual: Acquisition and Evaluation Software: Essen, Germany (Deutsche Montan Technologie GmbH).

DMT GmbH, 2000a. DMT CoreScan Color Acquisition Software Digicore and Hardware Information: Essen, Germany (Deutsche Montan Technologie GmbH).

DMT GmbH, 2000b. DMT Core Recovery Quality Control Quick Instruction Manual: Essen, Germany (Deutsche Montan Technologie GmbH).

Edmond, J.M., Measures, C., Magnum, B., Grant, B., Sclater, F.R., Collier, R., Hudson, A., Gordon, L.I., and Corliss, J.B., 1979. On the formation of metal-rich deposits at ridge crests. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett., 46:19–30. doi:10.1016/​0012-821X(79)90062-1

Elderfield, H., and Schultz, A., 1996. Mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal fluxes and the chemical composition of the ocean. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 24(1):191–224. doi:10.1146/​annurev.earth.24.1.191

Elderfield, H., Wheat, C.G., Mottl, M.J., Monnin, C., and Spiro, B., 1999. Fluid and geochemical transport through oceanic crust: a transect across the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 172(1–2):151–165. doi:10.1016/​S0012-821X(99)00191-0

Emmermann, R., 1985. Basement geochemistry, Hole 504B. In Anderson, R.N., Honnorez, J., Becker, K., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 83: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 183–199.

Farrell, J.W., Raffi, I., Janecek, T.C., Murray, D.W., Levitan, M., Dadey, K.A., Emeis, K.-C., Lyle, M., Flores, J.-A., and Hovan, S., 1995. Late Neogene sedimentation patterns in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. In Pisias, N.G., Mayer, L.A., Janecek, T.R., Palmer-Julson, A., and van Andel, T.H. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 138: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 717–756.

Fisher, A.T., Urabe, T., Klaus, A., and the Expedition 301 Scientists, 2005. Proc. IODP, 301: College Station, TX (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Inc.). doi:10.2204/​iodp.proc.301.2005

Fisher, R.V., and Schmincke, H.-U., 1984. Pyroclastic Rocks: New York (Springer-Verlag).

Furnes, H., and Staudigel, H., 1999. Biological mediation in ocean crust alteration: how deep is the deep biosphere? Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 166:97–103. doi:10.1016/​S0012-821X(99)00005-9

Gillis, K.M., Coogan, L.A., and Pedersen, R., 2005. Strontium isotope constraints on fluid flow in the upper oceanic crust at the East Pacific Rise. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 232(1–2):83–94. doi:10.1016/​j.epsl.2005.01.008

Gillis, K.M., and Roberts, M.D., 1999. Cracking at the magma-hydrothermal transition: evidence from the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 169:227–244. doi:10.1016/​S0012-821X(99)00087-4

Greenberg, D.S., 1974. Mohole: geopolitical fiasco. In Glass, I.G., Smith, P.J., and Wilson, R.C.L. (Eds.), Understanding the Earth: Maidenhead, U.K. (Open Univ. Press), 343–349.

Haggas, S., Brewer, T.S., Harvey, P.K., and Iturrino, G., 2001. Relocating and orienting cores by the integration of electrical and optical images: a case study from Ocean Drilling Program Hole 735B. J. Geol. Soc. (London, U. K.), 158:615–623.

Hallenborg, E., Harding, A.J., Kent, G.M., and Wilson, D.S., 2003. Seismic structure of 15 Ma oceanic crust formed at an ultrafast spreading East Pacific Rise: evidence for kilometer-scale fracturing from dipping reflectors. J. Geophys. Res., 108(B11):2532. doi:10.1029/​2003JB002400

Harper, G.D., and Tartarotti, P., 1996. Structural evolution of upper Layer 2, Hole 896A. In Alt, J.C., Kinoshita, H., Stokking, L.B., and Michael, P.J. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 148: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 245–259.

Honnorez, J., 1981. The aging of the oceanic crust at low temperature. In Emiliani, C. (Ed.), The Sea (Vol. 7): The Oceanic Lithosphere: New York (Wiley), 525–587.

Hooft, E.E.E., Schouten, H., and Detrick, R.S., 1996. Constraining crustal emplacement processes from variation in seismic Layer 2A thickness at the East Pacific Rise. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 142(3–4):289–309. doi:10.1016/​0012-821X(96)00101-X

Hosford, A., Tivey, M., Matsumoto, T., Dick, H., Schouten, H., and Kinoshita, H., 2003. Crustal magnetization and accretion at the Southwest Indian Ridge near the Atlantis II Fracture Zone, 0–25 Ma. J. Geophys. Res., 108(B3). doi:10.1029/​2001JB000604

International Working Group, 2001. Earth, Oceans, and Life: Scientific Investigation of the Earth System Using Multiple Drilling Platforms and New Technologies—Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Initial Science Plan, 2003–2013. Washington (International Working Group Support Office).

Jarrard, R.D., Abrams, L.J., Pockalny, R., and Larson, R.L., and Hirano, T., 2003. Physical properties of upper oceanic crust: Ocean Drilling Program Hole 801C and the waning of hydrothermal circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 108. doi:10.1029/​2001JB001727.

Karson, J.A., 2002. Geologic structure of the uppermost oceanic crust created at fast- to intermediate-rate spreading centers. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 30:347–384. doi:10.1146/​annurev.earth.30.091201.141132

Karson, J.A., Klein, E.M., Hurst, S.D., Lee, C.E., Rivizzigno, P.A., Curewitz, D., Morris, A.R., and Hess Deep 1999 Scientific Party, 2002. Structure of uppermost fast-spread oceanic crust exposed at the Hess Deep Rift: implications for subaxial processes at the East Pacific Rise, Geochem., Geophys., Geosyst., 3. doi:10.1029/​2001GC000155.

Kelemen, P.B., Koga, K., and Shimizu, N., 1997. Geochemistry of gabbro sills in the crust-mantle transition zone of the Oman ophiolite: implications for the origin of the oceanic lower crust. Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 146:475–488. doi:10.1016/​S0012-821X(96)00235-X

Kempton, P.D., Autio, L.K., Rhodes, J.M., Holdaway, M.J., Dungan, M.A., and Johnson, P., 1985. Petrology of basalts from Hole 504B, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 83. In Anderson, R.N., Honnorez, J., Becker, K., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 83: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 129–164.

Kirschvink, J.L., 1980. The least-squares line and plane and the analysis of palaeomagnetic data. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 62(3):699–718.

Langmuir, C.H., Bender, J.F., and Batiza, R., 1986. Petrological and tectonic segmentation of the East Pacific Rise, 5°30′N–14°30′N. Nature (London, U. K.), 322:422–429. doi:10.1038/​322422a0

Laverne, C., 1993. Occurrence of siderite and ankerite in young basalts from the Galapagos spreading center (DSDP Holes 506G and 507B). Chem. Geol., 106(1–2):27–46. doi:10.1016/​0009-2541(93)90164-E

Laverne, C., 2006. Data report: Chemical composition of unusual Ti hydrogarnets from the deepest volcanic rocks cored in ODP Hole 1256D (Leg 206). In Teagle, D.A.H., Wilson, D.S., Acton, G.A., and Vanko, D.A. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 206 [Online]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www-odp.tamu.edu/​publications/​206_SR/​005/​005.htm.

Laverne, C., Belarouchi, A., and Honnorez, J., 1996. Alteration mineralogy and chemistry of the upper oceanic crust from Hole 896A, Costa Rica Rift. In Alt, J.C., Kinoshita, H., Stokking, L.B., and Michael, P.J. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 148: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 151–170.

Laverne, C., Grauby, O., Alt, J.C., and Bohn, M., 2006. Hydroschorlomite in altered basalts from Hole 1256D, ODP Leg 206: the transition from low-temperature to hydrothermal alteration. Geochem., Geophys., Geosys., 7(10):Q10003. doi:10.1029/​2005GC001180

Lourens, L.J., Hilgen, F.J., Laskar, J., Shackleton, N.J., and Wilson, D., 2004. The Neogene period. In Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J., et al. (Eds.), A Geological Time Scale 2004: Cambridge (Cambridge Univ. Press).

Macdonald, K.C., Fox, P.J., Alexander, R.T., Pockalny, R., and Gente, P., 1996. Volcanic growth faults and the origin of Pacific abyssal hills. Nature (London, U. K.), 380:125–129. doi:10.1038/​380125a0

Macdonald, K.C., Haymon, R., and Shor, A., 1989. A 220 km2 recently erupted lava field on the East Pacific Rise near lat 8°S. Geology, 17:212–217. doi:10.1130/​0091-7613(1989)017<0212:AKRELF>2.3.CO;2

Maclennan, J., McKenzie, D., Gronvald, K., and Slater, L. 2001. Crustal accretion under northern Iceland. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 191:295–310. doi:10.1016/​S0012-821X(01)00420-4

MacLeod, C.J., and Yaouancq, G., 2000. A fossil melt lens in the Oman ophiolite: implications for magma chamber processes at fast spreading ridges. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 176:357–373. doi:10.1016/​S0012-821X(00)00020-0

Manning, C.E., MacLeod, C.J., and Weston, P.E., 2000. Lower-crustal cracking front at fast spreading ridges: evidence from the East Pacific Rise and the Oman ophiolite. In Dilek, Y., Moores, E.M., Elthon, D., and Nicolas, A. (Eds.), Ophiolites and Oceanic Crust: New Insights from Field Studies and the Ocean Drilling Program. Spec. Pap.—Geol. Soc. Am., 349:261–272.

Matzka, J., Krasa, D., Kunzman, T., Schult, A., and Petersen, N., 2003. Magnetic state of 10–40 Ma old ocean basalts and its implications for natural remanent magnetization. Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 206:541–553. doi:10.1016/​S0012-821X(02)01094-4

Mottl, M.J., 1983. Metabasalts, axial hot springs, and the structure of hydrothermal systems at mid-ocean ridges. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 94:161–180.

Mottl, M.J., Anderson, R.N., Jenkins, W.J., and Lawrence, J.R., 1983. Chemistry of waters sampled from basaltic basement in Deep Sea Drilling Project Holes 501, 504B, and 505B. In Cann, J.R., Langseth, M.G., Honnorez, J., Von Herzen, R.P., White, S.M., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 69: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 475–483.

Mottl, M.J., Druffel, E.R.M., Hart, S.R., Lawrence, J.R., and Saltzman, E.S., 1985. Chemistry of hot waters sampled from basaltic basement in Hole 504B, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 83, Costa Rica Rift. In Anderson, R.N., Honnorez, J., Becker, K., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 83: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 315–328.

Mottl, M.J., and Gieskes, J.M., 1990. Chemistry of waters sampled from oceanic basement boreholes, 1979–1988. J. Geophys. Res., 95:9327–9342.

Mottl, M.J., Wheat, C.G., Monnin, C., and Elderfield, H., 2000. Data report: Trace elements and isotopes in pore water from Sites 1023 through 1032, eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. In Fisher, A., Davis, E.E., and Escutia, C. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 168, 105–115 [Online]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www-odp.tamu.edu/​publications/​168_SR/​VOLUME/​CHAPTERS/​SR168_09.PDF.

Natland, J.H., Adamson, A.C., Laverne, C., Melson, W.G., and O’Hearn, T., 1983. A compositionally nearly steady-state magma chamber at the Costa Rica Rift: evidence from basalt glass and mineral data, Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 501, 504, and 505. In Cann, J.R., Langseth, M.G., Honnorez, J., Von Herzen, R.P., White, S.M., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 69: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 811–858.

Natland, J.H., and Dick, H.J.B., 1996. Melt migration through high-level gabbroic cumulates of the East Pacific Rise at Hess Deep: the origin of magma lenses and the deep crustal structure of fast-spreading ridges. In Mével, C., Gillis, K.M., Allan, J.F., and Meyer, P.S. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 147: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 21–58.

Nicolas, A., and Boudier, F., 1991. Rooting of the sheeted dike complex in the Oman ophiolite. In Peters, T., Nicolas, A., and Coleman, R.G. (Eds.), Ophiolite Genesis and Evolution of Oceanic Lithosphere: Boston (Kluwer Acad.), 39–54.

Parsons, B., and Sclater, J.G., 1977. An analysis of the variation of ocean floor bathymetry and heat flow with age. J. Geophys. Res., 82:803–827.

Passchier, C.W., and Trouw, R.A.J., 1996. Microtectonics: Berlin (Springer-Verlag).

Petersen, N., Eisenach, P., and Bleil, U., 1979. Low temperature alteration of the magnetic minerals in ocean floor basalts. In Talwani, M., Harrison, C.G., and Hayes, D. (Eds.), Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean: Ocean Crust. Am. Geophys. Union, Maurice Ewing Ser., 2:169–209.

Pezard, P.A., and Anderson, R.N., 1989. Morphology and alteration of the upper oceanic crust from in-situ electrical experiments in DSDP/ODP Hole 504B. In Becker, K., Sakai, H., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 111: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 133–146. doi:10.2973/​odp.proc.sr.111.139.1989

Philpotts, A.R., 2003. Petrography of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks: Illinois (Waveland Press).

Philpotts, A.R., and Dickson, L.D., 2002. Millimeter-scale modal layering and the nature of the upper solidification zone in thick flood-basalt flows and other sheets of magma. J. Struct. Geol., 24:1171–1177. doi:10.1016/​S0191-8141(01)00099-2

Phipps Morgan, J., and Chen, Y.J., 1993. The genesis of oceanic crust: magma injection, hydrothermal circulation, and crustal flow. J. Geophys. Res., 98:6283–6297.

Pisias, N.G., and Delaney, M.L. (Eds.), 1999. Conference on Multiple Platform Exploration of the Ocean (COMPLEX): Washington (Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc.).

Purdy, G.M., Kong, L.S.L., Christeson, G.L., and Solomon, S.C., 1992. Relationship between spreading rate and the seismic structure of mid-ocean ridges. Nature (London, U. K.), 355:815–872. doi:10.1038/​355815a0

Ramsay, J.G., and Huber, M.I., 1983. The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology (Vol. 1): Strain Analysis: London (Acad. Press).

Regelous, M., Niu, Y., Wendt, J.I., Batiza, R., Greig, A., and Collerson, K.D., 1999. Variations in the geochemistry of magmatism on the East Pacific Rise at 10°30′N since 800 ka. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 168:45–63.

Reynolds, J.R., Langmuir, C.H., Bender, J.F., Kastens, K.A., and Ryan, W.B.F., 1992. Spatial and temporal variability in the geochemistry of basalts from the East Pacific Rise. Nature (London, U. K.), 359:493–499. doi:10.1038/​359493a0

Richardson, C.J., Cann, J.R., Richards, H.G., and Cowan, J.G., 1987. Metal-depleted root zones of the Troodos ore-forming hydrothermal systems, Cyprus. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 84:243–253. doi:10.1016/​0012-821X(87)90089-6

Robinson, P.T., Von Herzen, R., et al., 1989. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 118: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).

Schiffman, P., and Smith, B.M., 1988. Petrology and oxygen isotope geochemistry of a fossil seawater hydrothermal system within the Solea Graben, northern Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus. J. Geophys. Res., 93:4612–4624.

Shipboard Scientific Party, 2003. Site 1256. In Wilson, D.S., Teagle, D.A.H., Acton, G.D., Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 206: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 1–396. doi:10.2973/​odp.proc.ir.206.103.2003

Sibson, R.H., 1977. Fault rocks and fault mechanisms. J. Geol. Soc. London, 133:191–214.

Singh, S.C., Kent, G.M., Collier, J.S., Harding, A.J., and Orcutt, J.A., 1998. Melt to mush variations in crustal magma properties along the ridge crest at the southern East Pacific Rise. Nature (London, U. K.), 394:874–878. doi:10.1038/​29740

Sinton, J.M., Smaglik, S.M., Mahoney, J.J., and Macdonald, K.C., 1991. Magmatic processes at superfast spreading mid-ocean ridges: glass compositional variations along the East Pacific Rise 13°–23°S. J. Geophys. Res., 96:6133–6155.

Smith, J.V., 2002. Structural analysis of flow-related textures in lavas. Earth-Sci. Rev., 57:279–297. doi:10.1016/​S0012-8252(01)00081-2

Stewart, M.A., Karson, J.A., and Klein, E.M., 2005. Four-dimensional upper crustal construction at fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges: a perspective from an upper crustal cross-section at the Hess Deep Rift. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 144:287–309. doi:10.1016/​j.jvolgeores.2004.11.026

Su, Y., and Langmuir, C.H., 2003. Global MORB chemistry compilation at segment scale [Ph.D. dissert.]. Columbia Univ.

Teagle, D.A.H., Alt, J.C., and Halliday, A.N., 1998. Tracing the chemical evolution of fluids during hydrothermal recharge: constraints from anhydrite recovered in ODP Hole 504B. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 155:167–182. doi:10.1016/​S0012-821X(97)00209-4

Teagle, D.A.H., Bickle, M.J., and Alt, J.C., 2003. Recharge flux to ocean-ridge black smoker systems: a geochemical estimate from ODP Hole 504B. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 210:81–89. doi:10.1016/​S0012-821X(03)00126-2

Telford, W.M., Geldart, L.P., and Sheritt, R.E., 1990. Applied Geophysics (2nd ed.): Cambridge (Cambridge Univ. Press).

Tual, E., Jahn, B.M., Bougault, H., and Joron, J.L., 1985. Geochemistry of basalts from Hole 504B, Leg 83, Costa Rica Rift. In Anderson, R.N., Honnorez, J., Becker, K., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 83: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 201–214.

Umino, S., Miyashita, S., Hotta, F., and Adachi, Y., 2003. Along-strike variation of the sheeted dike complex in the Oman ophiolite: insights into subaxial ridge segment structures and the magma plumbing system. Geochem., Geophys., Geosyst., 4. doi:10.1029/​2001GC000233

Umino, S., Obata, S., and Lipman, P.W., 2000. Subaqueous lava flow lobes, observed on ROV KAIKO dives off Hawaii. Geology, 28:503–506. doi:10.1130/​0091-7613(2000)028<0503:SLFLOO>2.3.CO;2

Umino, S., Obata, S., Lipman, P., Smith, J.R., Shibata, T., Naka, J., and Trusdell, F., 2002. Emplacement and inflation structures of submarine and subaerieal pahoehoe lavas from Hawaii. In Takahashi, E., et al. (Eds.), Hawaiian Volcanoes: Deep Underwater Perspectives. Geophys. Monogr., 128:85–101.

Vanko, D., and Laverne, C., 1998. Hydrothermal anorthitization of plagioclase within the magmatic/hydrothermal transition at mid-ocean ridges: examples from deep sheeted dikes (Hole 504B, Costa Rica Rift) and a sheeted dike root zone (Oman ophiolite). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 162:27–43. doi:10.1016/​S0012-821X(98)00155-1

Vine, F.J., and Matthews, D.H., 1963. Magnetic anomalies over oceanic ridges. Nature (London, U. K.), 199:947–949.

Wheat, C.G., Elderfield, H., Mottl, M.J., and Monnin, C., 2000. Chemical composition of basement fluids within an oceanic ridge flank: implications for along-strike and across-strike hydrothermal circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 105(B6):13437–13448. doi:10.1029/​2000JB900070

White, S.M., Hayman, R.M., Fornari, D.J., Perfit, M.R., and Macdonald, K.C., 2002. Correlation between volcanic and tectonic segmentation of fast-spreading ridges: evidence from volcanic structures and lava flow morphology on the East Pacific Rise at 9°–10°N. J. Geophys. Res., 107:2173. doi:10.1029/​2001JB000571

White, S.M., Macdonald, K.C., and Haymon, R.M., 2000. Basaltic lava domes, lava lakes, and volcanic segmentation on the southern East Pacific Rise. J. Geophys. Res., 105:23519–23536. doi:10.1029/​2000JB900248

Wilson, D.S., 1996. Fastest known spreading on the Miocene Cocos–Pacific plate boundary. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23:3003–3006. doi:10.1029/​96GL02893

Wilson, D.S., Hallenborg, E., Harding, A.J., and Kent, G.M., 2003. Data report: site survey results from cruise EW9903. In Wilson, D.S., Teagle, D.A.H., Acton, G.D., Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 206: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 1–49. doi:10.2973/​odp.proc.ir.206.104.2003

Wilson, D.S., Teagle, D.A.H., Acton, G.D., 2003. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 206: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program). doi:10.2973/​odp.proc.ir.206.2003

Worm, H.-U., Böhm, V., and Bosum, W., 1996. Implications for the sources of marine magnetic anomalies derived from magnetic logging in Holes 504B and 896A. In Alt, J.C., Kinoshita, H., Stokking, L.B., and Michael, P.J. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 148: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 331–338.